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1 переговоры переговор·ы
negotiations, talks; (обыкн. военные) parleyвести переговоры — to be in negotiations, to carry on / to conduct / to pursue / to hold negotiations, to bargain, to negotiate; (о заключении соглашения и т.п.) to treat
вести переговоры лично — to conduct negotiations in person / by a personal interview
вести переговоры о мире — to carry on / to conduct peace negotiations / talks, to negotiate for peace
вести переговоры от имени кого-л. — to act as smb.'s ambassador in negotiations
вести переговоры под флагом перемирия, сдачи — to negotiate under a flag of truce or surrender
возобновить переговоры — to renew / to resume / to reopen negotiations / talks
вступать в переговоры — to enter into negotiations (with), to approach smb.
завершить переговоры — to round off negotiations / talks, to bring the negotiations to a conclusion
завести переговоры в тупик — to deadlock / to stalemate / to bog down negotiations, to lead negotiations into a blind alley
затруднять проведение переговоров — to hamper / to obstruct / to impede / talks / negotiations
затянуть переговоры — to drag out / to hold up / to protract negotiations / talks
мешать проведению переговоров — to bedevil negotiations, to militate against negotiations
начать переговоры — to start negotiations, to open discussions
обмануть на переговорах — to trick smb. in the talks
подорвать основу переговоров — to destroy the basis / foundation for negotiations
прервать переговоры — to break off / to cut off / to interrupt negotiations
продолжить переговоры — to resume negotiations / talks
срывать / торпедировать переговоры — to ruin / to thwart / to torpedo / to subvert the talks
в переговорах приняли участие с российской стороны... — attending the talks on the Russian side were...
переговоры возобновились в обстановке полной секретности — the talks reconvened under a total news blackout
переговоры всё ещё продолжаются — the negotiations are still going on / under way
переговоры вышли / вырвались из тупика — the talks have broken / escaped the deadlock
переговоры зашли в тупик — negotiations / talks have been stalemated / bogged down / have come to a deadlock
"глобальные переговоры" (по проблемам сырья, энергетики, торговли, экономического развития) — "global negotiations"
закулисные переговоры — backstage / clandestine / secret negotiations / talks
затянувшиеся переговоры — protracted discussions, long-stalled / extended negotiations
зашедшие в тупик переговоры — deadlocked / stalled / stalemated talks / negotiations
ожидаемые / предполагаемые переговоры — prospective talks
поэтапные переговоры — stage-by-stage / step-by-step negotiations
предварительные переговоры — preliminary negotiations, preliminaries
предварительные переговоры, определяющие позиции сторон — exploratory talks
трудные / тяжёлые переговоры — arduous / exacting talks
предоставить большие полномочия для ведения переговоров — to give smb. greater scope to negotiate
затягивание переговоров на неопределённый срок — indefinite prolongation of talks / negotiations
окончание переговоров — completion of negotiations / talks
переговоры, касающиеся космических и ядерных вооружений — talks on space and nuclear weapons
переговоры между вооружёнными силами воюющих сторон — negotiations between the armed forces of belligerents
переговоры на высшем уровне — summit / top-level talks
переговоры на основе ассимметричных сокращений — negotiations on the basis of asymmetrical reductions
переговоры о крупных, пятидесятипроцентных сокращениях — talks on large-scale, 50 per cent reductions
переговоры о ликвидации ядерных ракет средней и меньшей дальности — talks on the elimination of medium and shorter range nuclear missiles
переговоры о пересмотре (договора и т.п.) — renegotiation
переговоры о сокращении вооружённых сил и вооружений в Центральной Европе — negotiations on the reduction of armed forces and armaments in Central Europe
переговоры о сокращении стратегических вооружений — Strategic Arms Reduction Talks, START
переговоры об ограничении продажи и поставок обычных видов вооружений — negotiations on limiting conventional arms transfers
переговоры по ограничению стратегических вооружений, ОСВ — Strategic Arms Limitation Talks, SALT
переговоры по основным / существенным вопросам — substantive talks
переговоры по разоружению — disarmament / arms negotiations
переговоры по широкому кругу проблем — full-scale negotiations; wide ranging talks
переговоры, проводимые в два этапа — two-phase negotiations
переговоры, проводимые с перерывами — on-off talks разг.
переговоры с позиции силы — negotiations "from strength"
предмет и цели переговоров — the range and objectives of the talks, the subject and purpose of the negotiations
прекращение переговоров — breakdown of / in negotiations
путём переговоров — by means of / by negotiations
раунд / тур переговоров — round of talks
второй / третий раунд переговоров — second / third round of talks / negotiations
очередной раунд / тур переговоров — new round of talks
содержание, сроки и результаты переговоров — content, timing and outcome of negotiations
стол переговоров — negotiating / bargaining table
за столом переговоров — at the bargaining / negotiating table
вернуть кого-л. за стол переговоров — to draw smb. back to the bargaining table
сторона, участвующая в переговорах — party to negotiations
ход переговоров — progress / course of negotiations
Russian-english dctionary of diplomacy > переговоры переговор·ы
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2 ежегодные переговоры
Diplomatic term: annual negotiationsУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > ежегодные переговоры
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3 calendario
m.1 calendar.calendario escolar/laboral school/working year2 schedule, programme, timetable, program.3 timetable of negotiations.* * *1 calendar\calendario académico school year* * *noun m.1) calendar2) schedule* * *SM calendar; [de reforma etc] timetable; [de trabajo etc] schedule* * *a) (de pared, mesa) calendarb) ( programa de actividades) scheduleel calendario para el proyecto — the schedule o timetable for the project
c) ( con días festivos de una actividad) calendarcalendario escolar/laboral — school/work calendar
* * *= calendar, schedule, time schedule, timeline [time line].Ex. Calendars and almanacs are the oldest form of annual publications.Ex. The head librarian had set up a timetable of activities for her in advance and topics and schedules for the courses she would teach at the library school.Ex. Time schedule of tasks for implementing decisions concerning archives is described.Ex. This article describes a city-wide communications network, looks behind the scenes at how it was developed, and summarises what was learned from creating the system on a tight timeline.----* año del calendario = calendar year.* calendario académico = academic calendar.* calendario de actuación = time scale [timescale], action agenda.* calendario de actuaciones = action agenda.* calendario de mareas = tide table.* calendario deportivo = sporting calendar.* calendario de retenciones = retention schedule.* calendario electoral = election calendar, electoral calendar.* calendario litúrgico = liturgical calendar.* calendario lunar = lunar calendar.* mes del calendario = calendar month.* * *a) (de pared, mesa) calendarb) ( programa de actividades) scheduleel calendario para el proyecto — the schedule o timetable for the project
c) ( con días festivos de una actividad) calendarcalendario escolar/laboral — school/work calendar
* * *= calendar, schedule, time schedule, timeline [time line].Ex: Calendars and almanacs are the oldest form of annual publications.
Ex: The head librarian had set up a timetable of activities for her in advance and topics and schedules for the courses she would teach at the library school.Ex: Time schedule of tasks for implementing decisions concerning archives is described.Ex: This article describes a city-wide communications network, looks behind the scenes at how it was developed, and summarises what was learned from creating the system on a tight timeline.* año del calendario = calendar year.* calendario académico = academic calendar.* calendario de actuación = time scale [timescale], action agenda.* calendario de actuaciones = action agenda.* calendario de mareas = tide table.* calendario deportivo = sporting calendar.* calendario de retenciones = retention schedule.* calendario electoral = election calendar, electoral calendar.* calendario litúrgico = liturgical calendar.* calendario lunar = lunar calendar.* mes del calendario = calendar month.* * *1 (sistema) calendar2 (de pared, mesa) calendarcalendario de taco tear-off calendar3(programa): calendario escolar school calendarel calendario para el proyecto the timetable o schedule for the projecttiene un calendario de lo más apretado she has a very tight schedulese fijó un calendario preciso para las negociaciones a detailed agenda was drawn up for the negotiationsCompuestos:Advent calendarGregorian calendarJulian calendarlunar calendar* * *
calendario sustantivo masculino
calendario escolar school calendar
calendario sustantivo masculino
1 calendar
calendario gregoriano, gregorian calendar
2 (almanaque) calendar: ¿tiene alguien un calendario de bolsillo?, has anyone got a pocket-sized calender?
3 (de trabajo) schedule: nos han dado el calendario de festivos, we have already received the list of scheduled holidays
' calendario' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
gregoriana
- gregoriano
- almanaque
- apretado
- movilización
English:
calendar
- Gregorian
- schedule
- tight
- timetable
* * *calendario nm1. [sistema] calendarcalendario de Adviento Advent calendar;calendario del contribuyente = timetable for making annual tax returns;calendario eclesiástico ecclesiastic calendar;calendario escolar school calendar;calendario gregoriano Gregorian calendar;calendario juliano Julian calendar;calendario laboral = officially stipulated working days and holidays for the year;calendario lunar lunar calendar;calendario perpetuo perpetual calendar;calendario solar solar calendar2. [objeto] calendar;un calendario de mesa a desk calendar3. [programa] schedule, programme;la cita más importante en el calendario musical de la ciudad the most important event in the city's musical calendar;los participantes en el congreso tienen un calendario muy apretado the conference participants have a busy programme;programaron el calendario de actividades para el festival they drew up the schedule o programme of activities for the festivalCALENDARIO LABORALThe calendario laboral lists the 15 public holidays a year in Spain. There are eight official national holidays, some of which are religious: Good Friday, the Assumption (15 August), All Saints' (1 November), the Immaculate Conception (8 December), Christmas; others are required by labour legislation: New Year, Labour Day (1 May), Day of the Constitution (6 December). A further five national holidays are optional (in that regional authorities can substitute them with other days): Epiphany (6 January), St Joseph (19 March), Holy Thursday, Feast of Santiago (25 July), Spanish National Day (12 October). There are two further holidays, one to be decided by each autonomous region, and one by each province.* * *m1 calendar2 ( programa) schedule* * *calendario nm1) : calendar2) : timetable, schedule* * *calendario n calendar -
4 Historical Portugal
Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims inPortugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and theChurch (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict untilUN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU. -
5 disputa
f.dispute.pres.indicat.3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: disputar.* * *1 (discusión) dispute, argument, quarrel2 (enfrentamiento) clash, struggle\sin disputa without disputetener una disputa to quarrel* * *noun f.* * *SF1) (=discusión) dispute, argumentlos asuntos en disputa — the matters in dispute o at issue
sin disputa — undoubtedly, beyond dispute
2) (=controversia) controversy* * *a) (discusión, pelea) quarrel, argumentb) ( controversia) disputees, sin disputa, la mejor — she is, without question, the best
* * *= disputation, row, quarrel, fray, contest, run-in, altercation, dispute, wrangle, bickering, argument, squabble, squabbling, contestation, tug of war, spat, war of words, dust-up, grievance.Ex. Academic disputations are generally entered under the heading for the faculty moderator.Ex. The rows over Britain's contributions to the Community budget and runaway spending on the the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), which took up two thirds of the budget, were documented blow by blow in the press.Ex. The following account of a quarrel which took place in about 1540 between Thomas Platter and Balthasar Ruch comes from Platter's autobiography = El siguiente relato de la pelea que tuvo lugar alreadedor de 1540 entre Thomas Platter y Balthasar Ruch procede de la autobiografía del mismo Platter.Ex. The academic librarian, by remaining neutral, can stay above the fray and does not need to take sides in order to provide scholars with access to the truth.Ex. Anyway, experience had taught him that a subordinate who attempts to subdue a superordinate is almost always lost; the superordinate has too many advantages in such a contest.Ex. 'When you've been here a while, you'll see that it's hard to avoid run-ins with her,' Lehmann spoke up.Ex. Then I came within this disagreeable person's atmosphere, and lo! before I know what's happened I'm involved in an unpleasant altercation.Ex. In practice meetings of the Council of Ministers -- the Community's main legislative body -- have in recent years become a forum for acrimonious dispute.Ex. This is a history of The Old Librarian's Almanack (a pamphlet produced as a hoax in 1909) and of the literary wrangles which ensued from its publication.Ex. Even if the management decided to make an arbitrary decision, it would be better than the endless bickering and ad-hoc measures we are having to put up with.Ex. We do not want to see young assistants at the counter getting involved in an argument.Ex. One might mistakenly be left with the impression that the crisis is a mere 'banana republic' squabble over power.Ex. The DVD-RW drive has arrived but not without lots of squabbling among industry competitors.Ex. These relations are constructed through negotiations and contestations that cannot be easily divorced from cultural context.Ex. Library administrators might be able to predict their fortunes in the academic tug of war for funds if they understood more clearly the attitudes of institutional administrators towards libraries.Ex. It also includes a blow-by-blow account of spats between management and labor.Ex. War of words exposed chinks in coalition.Ex. The annual global dust-up over whale hunting is about to kick off again.Ex. So, in the bicentennial spirit here's a three-point bill of particulars or grievances (in addition to what was mentioned previously with respect to offensive or unauthentic terms).----* disputa + continuar = dispute + rage.* disputa industrial = industrial dispute, industrial action.* disputa + perdurar = dispute + rage.* resolución de disputas = dispute settlement.* resolver una disputa = settle + dispute.* * *a) (discusión, pelea) quarrel, argumentb) ( controversia) disputees, sin disputa, la mejor — she is, without question, the best
* * *= disputation, row, quarrel, fray, contest, run-in, altercation, dispute, wrangle, bickering, argument, squabble, squabbling, contestation, tug of war, spat, war of words, dust-up, grievance.Ex: Academic disputations are generally entered under the heading for the faculty moderator.
Ex: The rows over Britain's contributions to the Community budget and runaway spending on the the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), which took up two thirds of the budget, were documented blow by blow in the press.Ex: The following account of a quarrel which took place in about 1540 between Thomas Platter and Balthasar Ruch comes from Platter's autobiography = El siguiente relato de la pelea que tuvo lugar alreadedor de 1540 entre Thomas Platter y Balthasar Ruch procede de la autobiografía del mismo Platter.Ex: The academic librarian, by remaining neutral, can stay above the fray and does not need to take sides in order to provide scholars with access to the truth.Ex: Anyway, experience had taught him that a subordinate who attempts to subdue a superordinate is almost always lost; the superordinate has too many advantages in such a contest.Ex: 'When you've been here a while, you'll see that it's hard to avoid run-ins with her,' Lehmann spoke up.Ex: Then I came within this disagreeable person's atmosphere, and lo! before I know what's happened I'm involved in an unpleasant altercation.Ex: In practice meetings of the Council of Ministers -- the Community's main legislative body -- have in recent years become a forum for acrimonious dispute.Ex: This is a history of The Old Librarian's Almanack (a pamphlet produced as a hoax in 1909) and of the literary wrangles which ensued from its publication.Ex: Even if the management decided to make an arbitrary decision, it would be better than the endless bickering and ad-hoc measures we are having to put up with.Ex: We do not want to see young assistants at the counter getting involved in an argument.Ex: One might mistakenly be left with the impression that the crisis is a mere 'banana republic' squabble over power.Ex: The DVD-RW drive has arrived but not without lots of squabbling among industry competitors.Ex: These relations are constructed through negotiations and contestations that cannot be easily divorced from cultural context.Ex: Library administrators might be able to predict their fortunes in the academic tug of war for funds if they understood more clearly the attitudes of institutional administrators towards libraries.Ex: It also includes a blow-by-blow account of spats between management and labor.Ex: War of words exposed chinks in coalition.Ex: The annual global dust-up over whale hunting is about to kick off again.Ex: So, in the bicentennial spirit here's a three-point bill of particulars or grievances (in addition to what was mentioned previously with respect to offensive or unauthentic terms).* disputa + continuar = dispute + rage.* disputa industrial = industrial dispute, industrial action.* disputa + perdurar = dispute + rage.* resolución de disputas = dispute settlement.* resolver una disputa = settle + dispute.* * *1 (discusión, pelea) quarrel, argument2 (controversia) disputeha sido objeto de una larga disputa it has been the source of a long-running disputees, sin disputa, la mejor she is, without question, the best3 (combate) fight* * *
Del verbo disputar: ( conjugate disputar)
disputa es:
3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo
Multiple Entries:
disputa
disputar
disputa sustantivo femenino
disputar ( conjugate disputar) verbo transitivo
‹ combate› to fight
disputarse verbo pronominal:
disputa sustantivo femenino
1 (enfrentamiento) dispute
(por un puesto, etc) contest
2 (riña, pelea) argument
disputar
I verbo intransitivo
1 (debatir) disputaban sobre ello acaloradamente, they were arguing heatedly about it
2 (competir por) to contest: han disputado la carrera dos de los mejores atletas, two of the best athletes competed in the race
II verbo transitivo
1 (competir) to compete: le disputa la presidencia a Gómez, he is competing against Gómez for the presidency
2 Dep (un encuentro) to play
' disputa' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
acalorada
- acalorado
- bronca
- concesión
- discusión
- disgusto
- disputar
- disputarse
- margen
- trabar
- agrio
- arbitrar
- litigio
- lugar
- originar
- pleito
- querella
English:
acrimonious
- contention
- dispute
- embroil
- feud
- fight
- quarrel
- quarreling
- quarrelling
- row
- squabble
- wrangle
- settle
* * *disputa nf1. [discusión] dispute, argument2. [competición] contest;la disputa por el título de liga the battle for the league title;entrar en la disputa por algo to enter the contest for sth;hay mucha disputa para conseguir el puesto there's a lot of competition for the post3. [polémica] dispute;es, sin disputa, el más lujoso it is indisputably o unquestionably the most luxurious* * *f dispute;sin disputa undoubtedly* * *disputa nfaltercado, discusión: dispute, argument -
6 retirarse
1 MILITAR to retreat, withdraw2 (apartarse del mundo) to go into seclusion3 (apartarse) to withdraw, draw back, move back■ retírate, no veo move back, I can't see4 (alejarse) to move away■ retírate de la ventana, te van a ver move away from the window, they'll see you5 (marcharse) to leave■ cuando acabó, se retiró when he finished, he left6 (irse a descansar) to retire7 (jubilarse) to retire* * *1) to retreat2) retire* * *VPR1) (=moverse) to move back o away (de from)retírate de la entrada para que pueda pasar la gente — move back o away from the door so that people can get through
2) (=irse)se retiraron del torneo — [antes de su inicio] they withdrew from o pulled out of the tournament; [después de su inicio] they retired from o pulled out of the tournament
3)retirarse (a su habitación) — to retire (to one's room o to bed) frm, liter
4) [al teléfono]¡no se retire! — hold the line!
5) (Mil) to withdraw, retreat6) (=jubilarse) to retire (de from)* * *(v.) = retreat, pull back, bow out, draw back, stand down, back out, walk outEx. Persons who appear nervous or out of place should be approached by the librarian since they may appreciate his help, or upon the indications that they have been noticed, they may retreat (to the street, one hopes, and not merely out of view).Ex. To pull back now would make both her and him look bad.Ex. The article 'New York packs 'em in; Martinez bows out' describes the ALA Annual Conference in New York noting the high attendance figures the unexpected decision of the chief executive of the ALA, Elizabeth Martinez, to resign.Ex. The author looks at the reasons and purposes why some scholarly publishers have launched electronic projects (e-projects) while others have drawn back.Ex. Defence Minister Ehud Barak has called on the Prime Minister to stand down over corruption allegations.Ex. Dennis played her along until she decided to back out at which time he threatened to imprison her unless she paid up $2 million.Ex. At least five members of the audience walked out during the bishop's address.* * *(v.) = retreat, pull back, bow out, draw back, stand down, back out, walk outEx: Persons who appear nervous or out of place should be approached by the librarian since they may appreciate his help, or upon the indications that they have been noticed, they may retreat (to the street, one hopes, and not merely out of view).
Ex: To pull back now would make both her and him look bad.Ex: The article 'New York packs 'em in; Martinez bows out' describes the ALA Annual Conference in New York noting the high attendance figures the unexpected decision of the chief executive of the ALA, Elizabeth Martinez, to resign.Ex: The author looks at the reasons and purposes why some scholarly publishers have launched electronic projects (e-projects) while others have drawn back.Ex: Defence Minister Ehud Barak has called on the Prime Minister to stand down over corruption allegations.Ex: Dennis played her along until she decided to back out at which time he threatened to imprison her unless she paid up $2 million.Ex: At least five members of the audience walked out during the bishop's address.* * *
■retirarse verbo reflexivo
1 (de la vida social, de una actividad) to retire, withdraw
2 (de un lugar) to move away, leave: se retiraron de la negociación, they withdrew from the negotiations
3 (a casa, a dormir) to retire, go to bed: nos retiramos a las dos de la mañana, we went to bed at two a.m.
4 Mil to retreat
' retirarse' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
abandonar
- jubilarse
- quitarse
- quitar
- retirar
English:
back away
- bow out
- disengage
- dismiss
- drop out
- pull out
- retire
- retreat
- stand down
- walk out
- withdraw
- bow
- dismissal
- draw
- pull
- recede
- stand
* * *vpr1. [jubilarse] to retire2. [abandonar, irse] [de elecciones, negociaciones] to withdraw (de from); [de competición] to pull out (de of); [atleta, caballo] to drop out (de of); [en ciclismo, automovilismo] to retire (de from);se retiró de la reunión she left the meeting;se retira (del terreno de juego) López López is coming off3. [ejército, tropas] [de campo de batalla] to retreat (de from); [de país, zona ocupada] to withdraw (de from), to pull out (de of)4. [irse a dormir] to go to bed;[irse a casa] to go home5. [apartarse] to move away (de from);retírate, que no dejas pasar move out of the way, people can't get past;se retiró el pelo de la cara she brushed the hair out of her eyes* * *v/r MIL withdraw* * *vr1) replegarse: to retreat, to withdraw2) jubilarse: to retire* * *retirarse vb1. (jubilarse) to retire3. (militar) to retreat -
7 cobrar
v.1 to charge (commerce) (money).nos cobra 700 euros de alquiler al mes she charges us 700 euros rent a month, we pay her 700 euros rent a monthme cobró de más he overcharged mecantidades por cobrar amounts due¿me cobra? how much do I owe you? (al pagar)Ella cobra los martes She draws her pay every Tuesday.2 to earn, to be paid (un sueldo).cobra un millón al año she earns a million a yearestá cobrando el paro he's receiving unemployment benefit3 to take on, to acquire.cobrar fama to become famous4 to get paid.5 to collect, to recover, to retrieve.Ella cobra su sueldo los martes She collects her paycheck every Tuesday.6 to collect payment from, to ask for payment, to bill.Ella le cobra a María She collects payment from Mary.7 to gain, to take on, to get up, to pick up.Su auto cobró velocidad His car gained velocity.8 to cash in, to cash, to encash.Ricardo cobró su cheque Richard cashed in his check.9 to claim.Ella cobra una gran indemnización She claims a big compensation.* * *■ ¿cuánto te ha cobrado? how much did he charge you?■ ¿cuánto cobras? how much do you earn?2 (caza) to retrieve3 to get4 figurado (adquirir) to gain, get■ le he cobrado cariño a ese lugar I've taken a liking to this place, I've grown fond of this place1 to be in for it1 (dinero) to take, collect■ cóbrate el café can you take for the coffee?2 (víctimas) to claim3 (recuperar) to recover (de, from); (volver en sí) to come round\cobrarse venganza to take revenge* * *verb1) to charge2) collect3) get, earn4) draw* * *1. VT1) (=pedir como pago) to charge¿qué me va usted a cobrar? — what are you going to charge me?
¿cuánto os cobra de alquiler? — how much rent does she charge you?
me han cobrado demasiado — they've charged me too much, they've overcharged me
¿me cobra, por favor? — how much do I owe you?, can I have the bill, please?
¿me cobra los cafés? — how much do I owe you for the coffees?
2) (=recibir)no han cobrado el dinero prometido — they haven't been paid o received the money they were promised
cobran un sueldo anual de nueve millones — they get o earn o receive an annual salary of nine million
¿cuánto cobras al año? — how much do you get o earn a year?
cantidades a o por cobrar — amounts payable, amounts due
cuentas a o por cobrar — accounts receivable
3) (=recoger dinero de) [+ deuda, alquiler, impuesto] to collect; [+ cheque] to cash; [+ subsidio, pensión] to draw4) (=adquirir)•
cobrar cariño a algn — to grow fond of sbcobrar fama de inteligente/ladrón — to acquire a reputation for being intelligent/a thief
5) (=recuperar) [+ pieza de caza] to retrieve, fetch; [+ cuerda] to pull in, take in6) LAm2. VI1) (=recibir dinero)a) [como sueldo] to be paidel lechero vino a cobrar — the milkman came for his money, the milkman came to be paid
los atletas cobran por participar en la carrera — the athletes get paid o receive a fee for taking part in the race
b) [por servicio] to charge2) * (=recibir golpes)¡vas a cobrar! — you're (in) for it!
3.See:* * *1.verbo transitivo1)a) <precio/suma> to chargenos cobran 30.000 pesos de alquiler — they charge us o we pay 30,000 pesos in rent
cobrar algo por algo/+ inf — to charge something for something/-ing
b) < sueldo> to earncobra 200.000 pesetas al mes — he earns 200,000 pesetas a month
cobrar la pensión — to collect o draw one's pension
2) < alquiler> to chargenos cobra un alquiler altísimo — he charges us o we pay him a very high rent
vino a cobrar el alquiler — she came for the rent o to collect the rent
¿me cobra estas cervezas? — can I pay for these beers, please?
3)a) < deuda> to recoverb) < cheque> to cash4)a) (Chi) ( pedir)b) (Chi) <gol/falta> to give5)a) ( adquirir)b) ( tomar)7)a) (period) <vidas/víctimas> to claimb) < botín> to carry offc) (Náut) to haul in2.cobrar via)cobrar por algo/+ inf — to charge for something/-ing
¿me cobra, por favor? — can you take for this, please?, can I pay, please?
llámame por cobrar — (Chi, Méx) call collect (AmE), reverse the charges (BrE)
b) ( recibir el sueldo) to be paidc) (fam) ( recibir una paliza)3.vas a cobrar! — you're going to get it! (colloq)
cobrarse v pron1) ( recibir dinero)tenga, cóbrese — here you are
cóbrese las cervezas — can you take for the beers, please?
2) < víctimas> to claim* * *= cash in, charge, exact + payment, levy + charge, debit.Ex. They have implemented a voluntary system for libraries of charging for photocopies with flat-rate 5 franc tokens, which can either be re-used by the recipient or cashed in for 4 francs.Ex. Information providers pay a fee to British Telecom, and may then charge users for each frame that they consult.Ex. Excessive emphasis on the need to exact payment will stifle the flow of information.Ex. Accordingly, the local library committee decided to levy a charge of 15 cents on each book borrowed, with suitable reductions for the elderly.Ex. An acquisitions file is intended to indicate the status of each title on order, together with information on its ordering (supplier, date etc., for whom it was ordered, and the heading or budget to which the cost is to be debited).----* Algo por lo que se puede cobrar = billable.* cobrar comisión = charge + commission.* cobrar en un trabajo = job + pay.* cobrar fuerza = gather + strength, grow in + power, gain + strength.* cobrar fuerzas = gain + strength.* cobrar ímpetu = gain + momentum, gather + strength, gain + impetus.* cobrar importancia = assume + importance, take on + added weight, move up + the agenda, gain + importance, be on the agenda.* cobrar impulso = gain + strength.* cobrar intensidad = gather + momentum, gain + momentum, pick up + speed, gather + pace.* cobrar nuevo entusiasmo = develop + renewed enthusiasm.* cobrar relevancia = be on the agenda.* cobrarse = face + charges, be billable.* cobrarse la vida de Alguien = claim + life.* cobrarse muchas vidas = take + a heavy toll of life.* cobrar tarifa = charge + commission.* cobrar una cuota = charge + fee.* cobrar una factura = collect + payment, receive + payment.* cobrar una multa = charge + fine.* cobrar una pensión = draw + a pension.* cobrar un precio = charge + price.* cobrar velocidad = gather + momentum, gather + pace.* cobrar vida = come + alive, come to + life.* por el que se puede cobrar = chargeable.* sin certeza de cobrar = on spec.* sin cobrar = free of charge, unredeemed, uncollected.* * *1.verbo transitivo1)a) <precio/suma> to chargenos cobran 30.000 pesos de alquiler — they charge us o we pay 30,000 pesos in rent
cobrar algo por algo/+ inf — to charge something for something/-ing
b) < sueldo> to earncobra 200.000 pesetas al mes — he earns 200,000 pesetas a month
cobrar la pensión — to collect o draw one's pension
2) < alquiler> to chargenos cobra un alquiler altísimo — he charges us o we pay him a very high rent
vino a cobrar el alquiler — she came for the rent o to collect the rent
¿me cobra estas cervezas? — can I pay for these beers, please?
3)a) < deuda> to recoverb) < cheque> to cash4)a) (Chi) ( pedir)b) (Chi) <gol/falta> to give5)a) ( adquirir)b) ( tomar)7)a) (period) <vidas/víctimas> to claimb) < botín> to carry offc) (Náut) to haul in2.cobrar via)cobrar por algo/+ inf — to charge for something/-ing
¿me cobra, por favor? — can you take for this, please?, can I pay, please?
llámame por cobrar — (Chi, Méx) call collect (AmE), reverse the charges (BrE)
b) ( recibir el sueldo) to be paidc) (fam) ( recibir una paliza)3.vas a cobrar! — you're going to get it! (colloq)
cobrarse v pron1) ( recibir dinero)tenga, cóbrese — here you are
cóbrese las cervezas — can you take for the beers, please?
2) < víctimas> to claim* * *= cash in, charge, exact + payment, levy + charge, debit.Ex: They have implemented a voluntary system for libraries of charging for photocopies with flat-rate 5 franc tokens, which can either be re-used by the recipient or cashed in for 4 francs.
Ex: Information providers pay a fee to British Telecom, and may then charge users for each frame that they consult.Ex: Excessive emphasis on the need to exact payment will stifle the flow of information.Ex: Accordingly, the local library committee decided to levy a charge of 15 cents on each book borrowed, with suitable reductions for the elderly.Ex: An acquisitions file is intended to indicate the status of each title on order, together with information on its ordering (supplier, date etc., for whom it was ordered, and the heading or budget to which the cost is to be debited).* Algo por lo que se puede cobrar = billable.* cobrar comisión = charge + commission.* cobrar en un trabajo = job + pay.* cobrar fuerza = gather + strength, grow in + power, gain + strength.* cobrar fuerzas = gain + strength.* cobrar ímpetu = gain + momentum, gather + strength, gain + impetus.* cobrar importancia = assume + importance, take on + added weight, move up + the agenda, gain + importance, be on the agenda.* cobrar impulso = gain + strength.* cobrar intensidad = gather + momentum, gain + momentum, pick up + speed, gather + pace.* cobrar nuevo entusiasmo = develop + renewed enthusiasm.* cobrar relevancia = be on the agenda.* cobrarse = face + charges, be billable.* cobrarse la vida de Alguien = claim + life.* cobrarse muchas vidas = take + a heavy toll of life.* cobrar tarifa = charge + commission.* cobrar una cuota = charge + fee.* cobrar una factura = collect + payment, receive + payment.* cobrar una multa = charge + fine.* cobrar una pensión = draw + a pension.* cobrar un precio = charge + price.* cobrar velocidad = gather + momentum, gather + pace.* cobrar vida = come + alive, come to + life.* por el que se puede cobrar = chargeable.* sin certeza de cobrar = on spec.* sin cobrar = free of charge, unredeemed, uncollected.* * *cobrar [A1 ]vtA1 ‹precio/suma› to chargeme cobró $1.000 she charged me $1,000nos cobran 30.000 pesos de alquiler they charge us o we pay 30,000 pesos in rentcobrar algo POR algo to charge sth FOR sthme cobró una barbaridad por la comida/por cambiar el aceite he charged me a ridiculous amount for the meal/for changing the oilcobran 500 pesos por kilómetro they charge 500 pesos per kilometer2 ‹sueldo/pensión›cobra 2.000 euros al mes y no hace nada he earns 2,000 euros a month and does nothingtodavía no hemos cobrado la paga de junio we still haven't been paid for Junecobra el sueldo por el banco his salary is paid straight into the banktodavía no ha ido a cobrar la pensión she still hasn't been to collect o draw her pensioncobró el subsidio de desempleo durante seis meses he received unemployment benefit for six monthsB1 ‹alquiler/impuesto› to chargenos cobra un alquiler altísimo he charges us o we pay him a very high rentte cobrarán el IVA you will be charged sales tax/VATno nos cobran la electricidad they don't charge us for electricityvino a cobrar el alquiler she came for the rent o to collect the rentel departamento que se encargará de cobrar el nuevo impuesto the department which will be responsible for the collection of the new tax2 ‹bebidas/fruta›¿me cobras estas cervezas, por favor? can you take for these beers, please?, can I pay for these beers, please?se equivocó y me cobró el vino dos veces he made a mistake and charged me twice for the wineestá cobrando las entradas he's taking the money for the ticketsC1 ‹deuda› to recovervengo a cobrar esta factura I've come for payment of this billnunca llegó a cobrar esas facturas he never received payment for those billsvino a cobrar la factura de la cocina she came to collect payment for the stovelo único que hago es cobrar deudas all I do is collect debts2 ‹cheque› to cashD( Chi) (pedir): le cobré los libros que le presté I asked him to give back o return the books I'd lent him o I asked him for the books I'd lent himEF1(adquirir): cobrar importancia/fama to become important/famouslas negociaciones cobraron un nuevo impulso the negotiations were given fresh impetuscobran especial relieve los trabajos del Instituto cuando … the work done by the Institute takes on special significance when …se detuvo a cobrar fuerzas he stopped to get his strength backcobró ánimos y fue a decírselo he plucked up the courage and went and told her2(tomar): cobrarle cariño a algn to grow fond of sbcon el tiempo le fui cobrando cariño as time went by I grew fond of hercobrarle sentimientos a algn ( Chi); to be upset with sb1 (matar) to shoot, bag2 «perro» to retrieveH1 ( period); ‹vidas/víctimas› to claim2 ‹botín› to carry off3 ( Náut) to haul in■ cobrarvi1(por un servicio, unas mercancías): vino el lechero a cobrar the milkman came to be paid¿me cobra, por favor? can I have the check please?, can you take for this, please?, can I pay, please?2 (recibir el sueldo) to be paidllevamos dos meses sin cobrar we haven't been paid for two months3 ( fam)(recibir una paliza): ¡como no te estés quieto, vas a cobrar! if you don't keep still you're going to get it! ( colloq)■ cobrarseA(recibir dinero): tenga, cóbrese here you arecóbrese las cervezas de aquí can you take for these beers?, can I pay for these beers?B ‹víctimas› to claim* * *
cobrar ( conjugate cobrar) verbo transitivo
1
◊ nos cobran 30.000 pesos de alquiler they charge us 30,000 pesos in rent;
cobrar algo por algo/hacer algo to charge sth for sth/doing sth;
vino a cobrar el alquiler she came for the rent o to collect the rent;
¿me cobra estas cervezas? can I pay for these beers, please?;
me cobró el vino dos veces he charged me twice for the wine
‹ pensión› to draw;◊ cobra 2.000 euros al mes he earns/draws 2,000 euros a month;
todavía no hemos cobrado junio we still haven't been paid for June
2a) (Chi) ( pedir):
3 ( adquirir) ‹ fuerzas› to gather;◊ cobrar fama/importancia become famous/important
4 (period) ‹vidas/víctimas› to claim
verbo intransitivoa) cobrar por algo/hacer algo to charge for sth/doing sth;◊ ¿me cobra, por favor? can you take for this, please?, can I pay, please?;
llámame por cobrar (Chi, Méx) call collect (AmE), reverse the charges (BrE)
cobrarse verbo pronominala) ( recibir dinero):◊ tenga, cóbrese here you are;
cóbrese las cervezas can you take for the beers, please?
cobrar
I verbo transitivo
1 (pedir un precio) to charge
(exigir el pago) to collect
(recibir el pago de una deuda) to recover
2 (un cheque, un billete de lotería) to cash
(recibir el salario) to earn: aún no han cobrado el sueldo, they still haven't been paid their salary
cobra un buen sueldo, he earns a good salary
3 figurado (alcanzar, lograr) to gain, get: su proyecto cobra hoy importancia, today his project is becoming important
cobrar ánimos, to take heart
4 (empezar a sentir) cobrar afecto a alguien/algo, to become very fond of sb/sthg
II verbo intransitivo
1 (exigir un pago) ¿me cobra, por favor? I'd like to pay now, please
nunca me cobra, he never charges me
2 (recibir el salario) to be paid
3 fam (recibir una zurra) to catch it, get it
' cobrar' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
clavar
- llevar
- tesorería
- animar
- hora
- paro
- pensión
- soplar
- tomar
- velocidad
English:
arrears
- carer
- cash
- cash in
- charge
- collect
- draw
- gather
- momentum
- overcharge
- pay
- receive
- recover
- retrieve
- sting
- undercharge
- unpaid
- check
- claim
- extra
- going
- levy
- life
- reverse
* * *♦ vt[cheque] to cash; [deuda] to collect;cantidades por cobrar amounts due;¿me cobra, por favor? how much do I owe you?;nos cobra 1.000 euros de alquiler al mes she charges us 1,000 euros rent a month, we pay her 1,000 euros rent a month;cobran 10 euros por página they charge 10 euros per page;te cobrarán un mínimo de 10 euros por arreglarte los zapatos it'll cost you at least 10 euros to get your shoes mended;me cobró 1.000 pesos de más he overcharged me by 1,000 pesos;me cobraron 200 pesos de menos they undercharged me by 200 pesos;nos cobró por adelantado we had to pay her in advance;no me cobraron impuestos they didn't charge me tax;cóbrelo todo junto put it all together, we'll pay for it all together;no nos cobró la mano de obra he didn't charge us for labour;le cobrarán en aquella ventanilla you can pay at that counter over there;el lechero vino a cobrar la factura mensual the milkman came with the monthly bill2. [un sueldo] to earn, to be paid;cobra un millón al año she earns a million a year;en junio cobraremos una prima we'll be paid a bonus in June;cobro mi pensión por el banco my pension is paid straight into the bank;está cobrando el paro he's receiving unemployment benefit;sobrevive cobrando diferentes subsidios she lives by claiming a number of different benefits;tengo que ir a cobrar la jubilación I have to go and draw my pension;no cobro nada, lo hago porque me gusta I don't get paid for it, I do it because I enjoy it3. [adquirir] to take on, to acquire;con su último disco ha cobrado fama universal with her latest record she has achieved worldwide fame o she has become a household name;cada día cobran más importancia los temas medioambientales the environment is an issue which is becoming more and more important o which is gaining in importance;cobró aliento y prosiguió la marcha he paused to get his breath back and continued walking;cobrar velocidad to gather o gain speedle cobró miedo al perro y no se atrevió a acercársele she got scared of the dog and didn't dare go near it5. [recuperar] to retrieve, to recover;las tropas cobraron el aeropuerto the troops regained control of the airport6. [en caza] [matar a tiros] to shoot;[recoger] to retrieve, to fetch;cobraron doscientas aves en un solo día they came back with two hundred birds in just one day♦ vi1. [en el trabajo] to get paid;cobrarás el día 5 de cada mes you'll be paid on the 5th of every month;llevan un año sin cobrar they haven't had any wages for a year;cobrar en efectivo to be o get paid (in) cashel niño cobró por portarse mal the child got a beating for being naughty* * *I v/t1 charge4 importancia acquireII v/i1 be paid, get paid2:* * *cobrar vt1) : to charge2) : to collect, to draw, to earn3) : to acquire, to gain4) : to recover, to retrieve5) : to cash (a check)6) : to claim, to take (a life)7) : to shoot (game), to bagcobrar vi1) : to be paid2)* * *cobrar vb1. (recibir salario) to be paid / to earn¿cuánto cobras? how much do you earn?2. (recibir dinero) to get3. (talón) to cash4. (fijar precio) to charge5. (recibir un golpe) to get a smack -
8 punto
m.1 spot, dot (marca).recorte por la línea de puntos cut along the dotted line2 full stop (British), period (United States).dos puntos (sobre i, j, en dirección de correo electrónico) colonpunto y coma semicolonpuntos suspensivos (no new paragraph) dots, suspension points3 point.ganar/perder por seis puntos to win/lose by six points4 point (asunto).punto débil/fuerte weak/strong pointpuntos a tratar matters to be discussedpunto de vista point of view, viewpoint5 spot, place (place).este es el punto exacto donde ocurrió todo this is the exact spot where it all happenedpunto de contacto point of contactpunto de encuentro meeting point6 point, moment (momento).llegar a un punto en que… to reach the stage where…estando las cosas en este punto things being as they arepunto culminante high pointpunto de ebullición/fusión boiling/melting pointpunto de inflexión turning pointpunto de partida starting point7 stitch (puntada).punto de cruz cross-stitch8 knitting.hacer punto to knitun jersey de punto a knitted jumperpunto de ganchillo crochet9 period, full stop.10 guy.11 pixel.12 punctus, punctum.pres.indicat.1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: puntar.* * *1 (gen) point2 (marca) dot3 (tanto) point4 (detrás de abreviatura) dot; (al final de la oración) full stop, US period5 (lugar) spot■ ¿en qué punto de la carretera se encuentran? exactly where on the road are they?6 (tema) point7 (tejido) knitwear8 (en costura, sutura) stitch9 (de libro) bookmark10 (en la media) ladder, US run\a punto de nieve stiffal punto (rápidamente) immediatelycoger un punto familiar to get tipsy, get merrycon puntos y comas in detaildar en el punto to hit the nail on the headde todo punto absolutelyen punto sharp, on the dotestar a punto to be readyestar a punto de to be about to, be on the point ofestar en su punto (comida) to be cooked to perfectionganar puntos to win pointsganar por puntos to win on pointshacer punto to knithasta cierto punto up to a certain pointhasta tal punto que... to such an extent that...llegar a punto to arrive on timeponer los puntos sobre las íes to dot one's i's and cross one's t'sponer punto final a algo to put an end to something¡punto en boca! mum's the word!punto por punto in detaildos puntos colonpunto cadena chain stitchpunto cardinal cardinal pointpunto culminante climaxpunto de arranque beginningpunto de break break pointpunto de congelación freezing pointpunto de contacto point of contactpunto de cruz cross-stitchpunto de ebullición boiling pointpunto de encuentro meeting pointpunto de fusión melting pointpunto de libro bookmarkpunto de media stocking stitchpunto de partida starting pointpunto de partido match pointpunto de referencia point of referencepunto de ruptura break pointpunto de servicio service pointpunto de set set pointpunto de sutura stitchpunto de venta sales outletpunto de vista point of viewpunto débil weak pointpunto decimal decimal pointpunto del revés purl stitchpunto final (en dictado) full stop, US periodpunto flaco weak pointpunto fuerte strong pointpunto neurálgico nerve centrepunto y aparte (en ortografía) full stop, new paragraph, US period, new paragraphpunto y coma semicolonpunto y seguido full stop, new sentence, US period, new sentence* * *noun m.1) point2) dot3) period4) stitch•- punto final
- punto y coma* * *SM1) (=topo) [en un diseño] dot, spot; [en plumaje] spot, speckle; [en carta, dominó] spot, pippunto negro — (=espinilla) blackhead
2) (=signo) [en la i] dot; [de puntuación] full stop, period (EEUU)•
dos puntos — colonles contó con puntos y comas lo que había pasado — she told them what had happened down to the last detail
le puso los puntos sobre las íes — she corrected him, she drew attention to his inaccuracies
y punto —
¡lo digo yo y punto! — I'm telling you so and that's that!
punto acápite — LAm [en dictado] full stop, new paragraph, period, new paragraph (EEUU)
punto final — full stop, period (EEUU); (fig) end
poner punto final a la discusión — to put an end to the argument, draw a line under the argument
puntos suspensivos — [gen] suspension points; [en dictado] dot, dot, dot
punto y aparte — [en dictado] full stop, new paragraph, period, new paragraph (EEUU)
esto marca un punto y aparte en la historia del teatro — this marks a break with tradition o the past in the theatre
este es un vino punto y aparte — this is an uncommonly good o exceptional wine
punto y seguido — [en dictado] full stop (no new paragraph), period (no new paragraph) (EEUU)
3) (Dep) pointganar o vencer por puntos — to win on points
- perder muchos puntos¡qué punto te has marcado con lo que has dicho! — * what you said was spot-on *
4) (=tema) [gen] point; [en programa de actividades] itemlos puntos en el orden del día son... — the items on the agenda are...
5) (=labor) knitting; (=tejido) knitted fabric, knit•
hacer punto — to knit6) (Cos, Med) (=puntada) stitch; [de media] loose stitchpunto de costado — (=dolor) stitch
tengo un punto de costado — I've got a stitch, I've got a pain in my side
7) (=lugar) [gen] spot, place; (Geog, Mat) point; [de proceso] point, stage; [en el tiempo] point, momental llegar a este punto — at this point o stage
punto ciego — (Anat) blind spot
punto de asistencia — (Aut) checkpoint
punto débil — weak point o spot
punto de equilibrio — (Com) break-even point
punto de mira — [de rifle] sight; (=objetivo) aim, objective; (=punto de vista) point of view
estar en el punto de mira de algn —
su comportamiento está en el punto de mira de la prensa — his behaviour has come under scrutiny in the press
punto de taxis — taxi stand, cab rank
está presente en 3.000 puntos de venta — it's available at 3,000 outlets
punto de vista — point of view, viewpoint
él lo mira desde otro punto de vista — he sees it differently, he looks at it from another point of view
punto flaco — weak point, weak spot
punto muerto — (Mec) dead centre; (Aut) neutral (gear); (=estancamiento) deadlock, stalemate
las negociaciones están en un punto muerto — the negotiations are deadlocked, the talks have reached a stalemate
punto negro — (Aut) (accident) black spot; (fig) blemish
punto neurálgico — (Anat) nerve centre o (EEUU) center; (fig) key point
punto neutro — (Mec) dead centre; (Aut) neutral (gear)
8) [otras locuciones]•
a punto — ready•
al punto — at once, immediatelyestar al punto — LAm * to be high **
•
bajar de punto — to decline, fall off, fall away•
a punto de, a punto de caramelo — caramelizedbatir las claras a punto de nieve — beat the egg whites until stiff o until they form stiff peaks
estar a punto de hacer algo — to be on the point of doing sth, be about to do sth
•
en punto, a las siete en punto — at seven o'clock sharp o on the dot•
hasta cierto punto — up to a point, to some extenthasta tal punto que... — to such an extent that...
la tensión había llegado hasta tal punto que... — the tension had reached such a pitch that...
si me da el punto, voy — if I feel like it, I'll go
9) Esp * (=hombre) guy *; pey rogue¡vaya un punto!, ¡está hecho un punto filipino! — he's a right rogue! *
10) (=agujero) hole11) (Inform) pixel* * *1)a) (señal, trazo) dotun punto en el horizonte — a dot o speck on the horizon
b) (Ling) (sobre la `i', la `j') dot; ( signo de puntuación) period (AmE), full stop (BrE)a punto fijo — exactly, for certain
... y punto: lo harás y punto you'll do it and that's that; poner los puntos sobre las íes — ( aclarar algo) to make something crystal clear; ( detallar algo) to dot the i's and cross the t's; dos I
2)a) (momento, lugar) pointel punto donde ocurrió el accidente — the spot o place where the accident happened
b) ( en geometría) point3) ( grado) point, extenthasta cierto punto tiene razón — she's right, up to a point
hasta tal punto que... — so much so that...
4) (asunto, aspecto) pointlos puntos a tratar en la reunión — the matters o items on the agenda for the meeting
5) (en locs)a punto DE + INF: estábamos a punto de cenar we were about to have dinner; estuvo a punto de caerse he almost fell over; a punto de llorar on the verge of tears; en su punto just right; al punto (Esp) at once; en punto: te espero a las 12 en punto I'll expect you at 12 o'clock sharp; son las tres en punto it's exactly three o'clock; llegaron en punto they arrived exactly on time; de todo punto — absolutely, totally
6)a) (en costura, labores) stitchhacer punto — (Esp) to knit
punto en boca — (fam)
tú punto en boca — keep your mouth shut
b) ( en cirugía) tb7) (Dep, Jueg) point; (Educ) point, mark; (Fin) pointtiene dos punto de ventaja sobre Clark — he is two points ahead of Clark, he has a two point advantage over Clark
matarle el punto a alguien — (CS fam) to go one better than somebody
8) (Per, RPl arg) ( tonto) idiotagarrar or tomar a alguien de punto — (Per, RPl arg)
lo agarraron de punto — ( burlándose de él) they made him the butt of their jokes; ( aprovechándose de él) they took him for a ride
* * *1)a) (señal, trazo) dotun punto en el horizonte — a dot o speck on the horizon
b) (Ling) (sobre la `i', la `j') dot; ( signo de puntuación) period (AmE), full stop (BrE)a punto fijo — exactly, for certain
... y punto: lo harás y punto you'll do it and that's that; poner los puntos sobre las íes — ( aclarar algo) to make something crystal clear; ( detallar algo) to dot the i's and cross the t's; dos I
2)a) (momento, lugar) pointel punto donde ocurrió el accidente — the spot o place where the accident happened
b) ( en geometría) point3) ( grado) point, extenthasta cierto punto tiene razón — she's right, up to a point
hasta tal punto que... — so much so that...
4) (asunto, aspecto) pointlos puntos a tratar en la reunión — the matters o items on the agenda for the meeting
5) (en locs)a punto DE + INF: estábamos a punto de cenar we were about to have dinner; estuvo a punto de caerse he almost fell over; a punto de llorar on the verge of tears; en su punto just right; al punto (Esp) at once; en punto: te espero a las 12 en punto I'll expect you at 12 o'clock sharp; son las tres en punto it's exactly three o'clock; llegaron en punto they arrived exactly on time; de todo punto — absolutely, totally
6)a) (en costura, labores) stitchhacer punto — (Esp) to knit
punto en boca — (fam)
tú punto en boca — keep your mouth shut
b) ( en cirugía) tb7) (Dep, Jueg) point; (Educ) point, mark; (Fin) pointtiene dos punto de ventaja sobre Clark — he is two points ahead of Clark, he has a two point advantage over Clark
matarle el punto a alguien — (CS fam) to go one better than somebody
8) (Per, RPl arg) ( tonto) idiotagarrar or tomar a alguien de punto — (Per, RPl arg)
lo agarraron de punto — ( burlándose de él) they made him the butt of their jokes; ( aprovechándose de él) they took him for a ride
* * *punto11 = point, pointer.Ex: Parts of the abstract are written in the informative style, whilst those points which are of less significance are treated indicatively.
Ex: Seven pointers follow which are useful for discriminating between documents to be abstracted and those not worth abstracting.* aclarar un punto = clarify + point.* adoptar un punto de vista = embrace + view.* analizar desde un punto de vista crítico = cast + a critical eye over.* argumento que presenta los dos puntos de vista = two-sided argument.* argumento que presenta sólo un punto de vista = one-sided argument.* comprender un punto de vista = take + point.* desde cualquier punto de vista = by any standard(s).* desde el punto de vista de la nutrición = in terms of, from the vantage of, as far as + Nombre + be + concerned, mitotically, nutritionally speaking, nutritionally.* desde el punto de vista del trabajador = in the trenches.* desde el punto de vista de la archivística = archivally.* desde el punto de vista de la calidad = on quality grounds.* desde el punto de vista de la competitividad = competitively.* desde el punto de vista de la conservación = preservationally.* desde el punto de vista de la funcionalidad = functionally.* desde el punto de vista de la informática = computationally.* desde el punto de vista de la logística = logistically.* desde el punto de vista de la medicina = medically.* desde el punto de vista de la música = musically.* desde el punto de vista de la notación = notationally.* desde el punto de vista de la química = chemically.* desde el punto de vista de la realidad = factually.* desde el punto de vista de las matemáticas = mathematically.* desde el punto de vista de la tonalidad = tonally.* desde el punto de vista del contexto = contextually.* desde el punto de vista del estilo = stylistically.* desde el punto de vista del funcionamiento = operationally.* desde el punto de vista del + Nombre = as seen through the eyes of + Nombre.* desde el punto de vista de los hechos = factually.* desde el punto de vista del uso = in terms of use.* desde el punto de vista de + Nombre = in + Nombre + eyes.* desde el punto de vista judicial = judicially.* desde el punto de vista lingüístico = linguistically.* desde el punto de vista político = politically.* desde el punto de vista profesional = career-wise [careerwise].* desde este punto de vista = viewed in this light.* desde mi punto de vista = in my opinion, in my view, in my books.* desde + punto de vista = against + backdrop.* desde todos los puntos de vista = in every sense.* desde un punto de vista académico = academically.* desde un punto de vista antropológico = anthropologically.* desde un punto de vista clínico = medically, clinically.* desde un punto de vista crítico = judgmentally [judgementally], with a critical eye, critically.* desde un punto de vista cultural = culturally.* desde un punto de vista económico = economically, monetarily.* desde un punto de vista estético = aesthetically [esthetically, -USA].* desde un punto de vista estrictamente técnico = technically speaking.* desde un punto de vista étnico = ethnically.* desde un punto de vista filosófico = philosophically.* desde un punto de vista general = in a broad sense.* desde un punto de vista histórico = historically.* desde un punto de vista más amplio = in a broader sense.* desde un punto de vista más general = in a broader sense.* desde un punto de vista médico = medically.* desde un punto de vista medioambiental = environmentally.* desde un punto de vista morfológico = morphologically.* desde un punto de vista operativo = operationally.* desde un punto de vista racista = racially + Adjetivo.* desde un punto de vista religioso = religiously.* desde un punto de vista socioeconómico = socioeconomically.* desde un punto de vista técnico = technically.* fiel desde el punto de vista de la historia = historically accurate.* manifestar un punto de vista = air + view.* mencionar un punto = touch on + a point.* mi punto de vista = in my view.* neutral desde el punto de vista de la raza = race-neutral.* no concebirse desde ningún punto de vista = be impossible under any hypothesis.* probar un punto = prove + point.* promover un punto de vista = promote + view.* punto a favor = asset.* punto conflictivo = hot spot.* punto de la agenda = agenda item.* punto del orden del día = agenda item.* punto de una agenda = item of business.* punto de vista = angle, point of view, side, stance, standpoint, view, viewpoint, outlook, eye, world view [worldview/world-view], bent of mind.* punto principal = main point.* puntos a favor y puntos en contra = pros and cons.* puntos comunes = common ground.* puntos principales = key issues.* puntos secundarios = secondary points.* que consta de tres puntos = three-point.* sostener un punto de vista = assert + view, hold + point of view.* tener en cuenta un punto de vista = contemplate + view.* tener en cuenta un punto de vista = take into + account + viewpoint.* tocar un punto = touch on + a point.* ver Algo desde el punto de vista + Adjetivo = view + Nombre + through + Adjetivo + eyes.punto22 = bullet point.Ex: Readers like bullet points because they are visually appealing and make it easy to quickly find pertinent information.
* alcanzar el punto crítico = come to + a head.* alcanzar el punto culminante = climax.* alcanzar el punto más álgido = peak, come into + full bloom.* alcanzar + Posesivo + punto álgido = reach + Posesivo + peak.* a punto de = on the verge of, a heartbeat away from.* a punto de + Infinitivo = about to + Infinitivo.* a punto de irse a pique = on the rocks.* a punto de morir = on + Posesivo + deathbed.* el punto más bajo = rock-bottom.* encontrar el punto medio = strike + the right note.* en qué punto = at what point.* en su punto = ripe [riper -comp., ripest -sup.].* en su punto más álgido = at its height.* en su punto más bajo = at its lowest ebb.* en un punto bajo = at a low ebb.* estar a punto de = be poised to, be about to, be on the point of, stand + poised, come + very close to.* estar a punto de cascarlas = be on + Posesivo + last legs.* estar a punto de decir = be on the tip of + Posesivo + tongue to say.* estar a punto de + Infinitivo = be about + Infinitivo.* fichero de punto de acceso = access-point file.* hasta cierto punto = up to a point, to some degree, to some extent.* hasta el punto de = to the point of, up to the point of.* hasta el punto que = up to the point where, to the point where.* hasta qué punto = how far, the extent to which, to what extent.* hasta tal punto + Adjetivo = such a + Nombre.* hasta tal punto que = to a point where.* hasta un punto limitado = to a limited extent.* las cosas + volver + a su punto de partida = the wheel + turn + full circle.* llegado este punto = at this juncture.* llegado un punto = beyond a certain point, beyond a point.* llegar al punto álgido = reach + a head.* llegar al punto crítico = come to + a head.* llegar al punto de = be at the point of.* llegar al punto de + Infinitivo = go + (as/so) far as + Infinitivo.* llegar a un punto crítico = reach + turning point.* no tener ni punto de comparación = be in a different league.* pasado un punto = beyond a certain point, beyond a point.* poner a punto = overhaul, hone, fine tune [fine-tune], tune-up.* primer punto de contacto = port of first call.* primer punto de contacto, el = first port of call, the.* puesta a punto = fine tuning [fine-tuning], tuning, tune-up.* punto álgido = peak.* punto a punto = point-to-point.* punto central = focal point.* punto ciego = blind spot.* punto clave = key point, watershed, tipping point.* punto crítico = turning point, Posesivo + road to Damascus.* punto culminante = zenith, climax, peak, capstone.* punto de acceso = access point, entry point, entry term, index entry, retrieval access, search key, access point, service point, point of access, entrance point.* punto de apoyo = foothold.* punto débil = downside, weak point, weak link.* punto débil, el = chink in the armour, the.* punto débl = blind spot.* punto de contacto = point of contact, interface, contact point.* punto de convergencia = junction point, similarity.* punto de discusión = bone of contention.* punto de distribución = outlet.* punto de divergencia = stepping-off point.* punto de división = break.* punto de encuentro = meeting point.* punto de entrada = entry point, entrance point, point of entry.* punto de equilibrio = break-even, break-even point.* punto de información = information kiosk.* punto de interés = point of interest.* punto de llegada = point of arrival.* punto de luz = power point, electrical outlet, socket outlet, outlet.* punto de partida = point of departure, starting point, take-off point, baseline [base line], beginning point.* punto de penalti, el = penalty mark, the.* punto de recepción y envío = shipping point.* punto de recogida = pick-up point, drop-off point.* punto de referencia = benchmark, frame of reference, signpost, signposting, point of reference, anchor, anchor point, referral point, switching point, reference point, reference point.* punto de referencia común = common framework.* punto de ruptura = breaking point.* punto de separación = cut-off point, stepping-off point, cut off [cutoff].* punto de servicio = service point.* punto de una lista = bullet point.* punto de venta = outlet, point of sale.* punto esencial = essential point.* punto final = end point [endpoint].* punto flaco = foible, weak point, blind spot, weak link.* punto flaco, el = chink in the armour, the.* punto fuerte = strength, upside, forte, strong point.* punto g, el = G-spot, the.* punto intermedio = middle ground.* punto medio = happy medium, mid-point.* punto muerto = dead end, impasse, stalemate, dead end street, deadlock, standoff.* punto negro = blackhead.* punto positivo = asset.* puntos de acceso = entry vocabulary.* punto silla = saddle point.* ser el punto de partida de = form + the basis of.* ser el punto más débil de Alguien = be at + Posesivo + weakest.* ser el punto más flaco de Alguien = be at + Posesivo + weakest.* servir de punto de partida = point + the way to.* tomar como punto de partida = build on/upon.* volver al punto de partida = come + full circle, bring + Pronombre + full-circle, go back to + square one, be back to square one.punto33 = dot, full stop (.), period, stop.Ex: Braille is the term used to refer to material intended for the visually impaired and using embossed characters formed by raised dots in six-dot cells.
Ex: You have observed the correct use of the facet indicators. (full stop) for S and ' (single inverted comma) for T.Ex: Such as categorisation may depend rather arbitrarily upon whether stops have been used between letters or not.* arco de medio punto = round arch.* arco de punto rebajado = segmental arch.* dos puntos (:) = colon (:).* dpi (puntos por pulgada) = dpi (dots per inch).* en el punto de mira = in the spotlight, in the crosshairs.* en + Posesivo + punto de mira = in + Posesivo + sights.* línea de puntos = dotted line.* matriz de puntos de impacto = impact dot matrix.* nube de puntos = scatterplot, cloud of points.* poner punto final a = put + an end to, bring + an end to, bring to + an end, close + the book on.* poner punto y final a = put + a stop to, sound + the death knell for.* punto (.) = point (.).* puntos por pulgada = dots per inch.* punto y coma (;) = semi-colon (;).* subrayar con puntos = underdot.punto44 = point.Ex: Taking 197 as the base year, the price index of journals for an academic veterinary library has risen 143.00 points, an annual average of 15.89 points through 1986.
* alcanzar el punto de ebullición = reach + boiling point.* punto de ebullición = boiling point.* punto de fundición = melting point.* punto de fusión = melting point, fusion point.* punto de saturación = saturation point.* punto porcentual = percentage point.* sistema de deducción de puntos = points system.punto55 = stitch.Ex: It may be seen that one or more pairs of leaves, joined to each other at the back, are held in place by a double stitch of thread running up the fold.
* aguja de hacer punto = knitting needle.* géneros de punto = knitwear.* hacer punto = knitting.* patrón de hacer punto = knitting pattern.* ¡punto en boca! = mum's the word!.* ¡punto en boca! = not a word to anyone!, shut your mouth!, shut your face!.* * *A1 (señal, trazo) dotdesde el avión la ciudad se veía como un conjunto de puntos luminosos from the plane the city looked like a cluster of pinpoints of light o of bright dotsel barco no era más que un punto en el horizonte the boat was no more than a dot o speck on the horizona punto fijo exactly, for certainno le sabría decir a punto fijo cuándo llegan I couldn't tell you exactly o for certain when they will be arriving… y punto: si te parece mal se lo dices y punto if you don't like it you just tell him, that's all there is to itlo harás como yo digo y punto you'll do it the way I tell you and that's that, you'll do it the way I tell you, period ( AmE) o ( BrE) full stopponer los puntos sobre las íes (dejar algo en claro) to make sth crystal clear; (terminar algo con mucho cuidado) to dot the i's and cross the t'ssin faltar un punto ni una coma down to the last detailCompuestos:[ Vocabulary notes (Spanish) ] decimal pointponer punto final a algo to end sthdecidió poner punto final a sus relaciones he decided to end their relationshipsemicolonB1 (momento) pointen ese punto de la conversación at that point in the conversationsu popularidad alcanzó su punto más bajo his popularity reached its lowest ebb o point2 (lugar) point; (en geometría) pointfijó la mirada en un punto lejano del horizonte she fixed her gaze on a distant point on the horizonestán buscando un local en un punto céntrico they are looking for premises somewhere centralen el punto en que la carretera se divide at the point where the road dividesel punto donde ocurrió el accidente the spot o place where the accident happenedCompuestos:crucial moment o pointcardinal pointblind spotcritical pointhigh point(para una palanca) fulcrumno hay ningún punto de apoyo para la escalera there is nowhere to lean the ladderconstituía el punto de apoyo de su defensa it formed the cornerstone of his defenseweak pointa punto de caramelo ‹almíbar› caramelized(en su mejor momento) ( fam): este queso está a punto de caramelo this cheese is just right (for eating)yo no lo encuentro viejo, para mí está a punto de caramelo I don't think he's old, if you ask me he's in his prime o he's just rightla situación está a punto de caramelo para otro golpe militar the situation is ripe for another military coupfreezing pointpoint of contactel movimiento tiene muchos puntos de contacto con el surrealismo the movement has a lot in common with surrealismcheckpointboiling pointvanishing pointmelting pointpoint of inflexion ( on a curve)( Inf) breakpoint( Esp) bookmark(de un rifle) front sight; (blanco) target; (objetivo) aim, objective; (punto de vista) point of viewbatir las claras a punto de nieve beat the egg whites until they form stiff peakspoint of no return(sitio) starting point; (de un proceso, razonamiento) starting pointesta dramática escalada tiene un claro punto de partida en los sucesos del mes pasado this dramatic escalation clearly has its origins in the events of last month● punto de penalty or penaltipenalty spotreference pointmeeting place, assembly pointpoint of sale, outlet, sales outletunique selling pointdesde un punto de vista técnico from a technical viewpoint, from a technical point of viewtodos conocen mi punto de vista sobre este asunto you all know my views on this matterestá en punto fijo toda la noche he is on guard duty all nightweak pointhabrá que esperar a que las cosas lleguen a su punto medio we'll have to wait until things sort themselves outhay que buscar el punto medio entre las dos cosas you have to strike a balance between the two thingslas conversaciones han llegado a un punto muerto the talks have reached deadlock o stalemateel proceso está en punto muerto the process is deadlocked(en la carretera) black spot; (en la piel) blackhead( Anat) nerve center*; (de una organización, un sistema) nerve center*un accidente en uno de los puntos neurálgicos de la ciudad an accident at one of the busiest spots o points in the cityuno de los puntos neurálgicos de la economía one of the key elements of the economyC (grado) point, extenthasta cierto punto tiene razón she's right, up to a pointhasta cierto punto me alegro de que se vaya to a certain extent o in a way I'm glad she's goingclaro que fue atento y amable, hasta tal punto que llegó a resultarnos pesado of course he was attentive and kind, so much so that it got a bit much for usD (asunto, aspecto) pointen ese punto no estoy de acuerdo contigo I don't agree with you on that pointlos puntos a tratar en la reunión de hoy the matters o items on the agenda for today's meetinghay algunos puntos de coincidencia entre los dos enfoques the two approaches have some points in commonanalizamos la propuesta punto por punto we analyzed the proposal point by pointE ( en locs):a punto (a tiempo) just in time( Coc) en su puntohas llegado a punto para ayudarme you've arrived just in time to help mea punto DE + INF:estábamos a punto de cenar cuando llamaste we were about to have dinner when you phonedestuvo a punto de matarse en el accidente he was nearly killed in the accident, he came within an inch of being killed in the accidentestaba a punto de decírmelo cuando tú entraste she was on the point of telling me o she was about to tell me when you came inse notaba que estaba a punto de llorar you could see she was on the verge of tearsen su punto just rightel arroz está en su punto the rice is just rightla carne estaba en su punto the meat was done to a turnen punto: te espero a las 12 en punto I'll expect you at 12 o'clock sharpson las tres en punto it's exactly three o'clockllegaron en punto they arrived exactly on time, they arrived on the dot o dead on time ( colloq)de todo punto absolutely, totallyeso es de todo punto inaceptable that is totally o completely unacceptablese negaba de todo punto a hacerlo she absolutely o flatly refused to do itF1 (en costura) stitchpunto en boca ( fam): y ya saben, diga lo que diga él, nosotros punto en boca and remember, whatever he says, we keep our mouths shut2 (en cirugía) tbpunto de sutura stitchle tuvieron que poner puntos she had to have stitches3 (en labores) stitchse me ha escapado un punto I've dropped a stitchartículos de punto knitwearhacer punto ( Esp); to knitCompuestos:backstitchchain stitchherringbone stitchcross-stitchherringbone stitchplain stitchpurl stitchstocking stitchrib, ribbingstocking stitchgarter stitchshadow stitchGvenció por puntos he won on pointstiene dos punto de ventaja sobre Clark he is two points ahead of Clark, he has a two point advantage over Clarkpierdes dos puntos por cada falta de ortografía you lose two marks o points for every spelling mistakeanotarse/marcarse un punto ( fam): la paella está exquisita, te has anotado un punto ten out of ten o ( BrE) full marks for the paella, it's delicioussubir de punto «ira/admiración» to grow;«discusión» to heat up, grow heated2 ( Fin) pointCompuestos:● punto de or para partidomatch pointbreak point● punto de or para setset pointpercentage pointH(poco, pizca): es orgulloso, con un punto de bravuconería he's proud, with just a touch o hint of boastfulness about himIagarrar or tomar a algn de punto (Per, RPl arg): lo han agarrado de punto (burlándose de él) they've made him the butt of their jokes; (aprovechándose de él) they've taken him for a ride ( colloq)la profesora me ha agarrado de punto the teacher has it in for me ( colloq)* * *
punto sustantivo masculino
1
( signo de puntuación) period (AmE), full stop (BrE);
punto final period (AmE), full stop (BrE);
puntos suspensivos ellipsis (tech), suspension points (pl) (AmE), dot, dot, dot;
punto y aparte period (AmE) o (BrE) full stop, new paragraph;
punto y coma semicolon;
punto com (Com, Inf) dot.com;
a punto fijo exactly, for certain;
… y punto … and that's that, … period (AmE);
See Also→ dos
2
el punto donde ocurrió el accidente the spot o place where the accident happened;
punto cardinal cardinal point ;
punto ciego blind spot;
punto de apoyo ( de palanca) fulcrum;
no hay ningún punto de apoyo para la escalera there is nowhere to lean the ladder;
punto de vista ( perspectiva) viewpoint, point of view;
( opinión) views;◊ punto flaco/fuerte weak/strong point;
punto muerto (Auto) neutral;
( en negociaciones) deadlock
3 ( grado) point, extent;◊ hasta cierto punto tiene razón she's right, up to a point;
hasta tal punto que … so much so that …
4 (asunto, aspecto) point;
los puntos a tratar en la reunión the matters o items on the agenda for the meeting
5 ( en locs)
estábamos a punto de cenar we were about to have dinner;
estuvo a punto de caerse he almost fell over;
batir las claras a punto de nieve beat the egg whites until they form stiff peaks;
en su punto just right;
en punto: a las 12 en punto at 12 o'clock sharp;
son las tres en punto it's exactly three o'clock;
llegaron en punto they arrived exactly on time
6
hacer punto (Esp) to knit;
punto (de) cruz cross-stitch
7 ( unidad)a) Dep, Jueg) point;◊ punto para partido/set (Méx) match/set point
(Fin) point
punto sustantivo masculino
1 point
punto de vista, point of view
punto flaco, weak point
punto muerto, (situación sin salida) deadlock, Auto neutral
2 (lugar) place, point: está perdido en algún punto de Marruecos, it's way out somewhere in Morocco
3 (pintado, dibujado) dot
línea de puntos, dotted line
4 (en una competición) point: le dieron tres puntos a Irlanda, Ireland scored three points
5 (en un examen) mark: la pregunta vale dos puntos, the question is worth two marks
6 Cost Med stitch: se le infectó un punto, one of the stitches became infected
7 (grado, medida) point: hasta cierto punto, to a certain extent
8 Ling full stop
dos puntos, colon
punto y aparte, full stop, new paragraph
punto y coma, semicolon
puntos suspensivos, dots
♦ Locuciones: hacer punto, to knit
a punto, ready
a punto de, on the point of
en punto, sharp, on the dot: a las seis en punto, at six o'clock sharp
Culin en su punto, just right
' punto' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
álgida
- álgido
- aparte
- borde
- cadeneta
- caer
- caramelo
- cardinal
- cerca
- cierta
- cierto
- coincidir
- coma
- concretar
- culminante
- cúspide
- débil
- desde
- distanciarse
- ebullición
- Ecuador
- este
- extrema
- extremo
- flaca
- flaco
- fuerte
- luminosa
- luminoso
- mareada
- mareado
- media
- medio
- muerta
- muerto
- nivel
- novedosa
- novedoso
- para
- puesta
- referencia
- regresar
- relativamente
- respetable
- sazón
- sesgar
- talón
- tanta
- tanto
- tomate
English:
about
- angle
- aspect
- bankrupt
- benchmark
- blackhead
- boiling point
- cardigan
- certain
- chink
- circle
- climax
- close
- cluster
- coast
- conclude
- contention
- cottage industry
- crop up
- cross-stitch
- crossroads
- crunch
- culmination
- cut-off
- deadlock
- degree
- dot
- essential
- extent
- eye
- failing
- feature
- focal point
- follow through
- foothold
- forthcoming
- freezing point
- full stop
- head
- height
- high
- impasse
- interface
- item
- just
- knit
- knitting
- knitting needle
- knitwear
- labour
* * *♦ nm1. [marca] dot, spot;[en geometría] point;recorte por la línea de puntos cut along the dotted linepunto de fuga vanishing point2. [signo ortográfico] [al final de frase] Br full stop, US period;[sobre i, j, en dirección de correo electrónico] dot;dos puntos colon;Famno vas a ir, y punto you're not going, and that's that;poner los puntos sobre las íes to dot the i's and cross the t'sBol, Perú punto acápite semicolon;punto y coma semicolon;poner punto final a algo to bring sth to an end;puntos suspensivos suspension points3. [unidad] [en juegos, competiciones, exámenes, bolsa] point;ganar/perder por seis puntos to win/lose by six points;ganar por puntos [en boxeo] to win on points;el índice Dow Jones ha subido seis puntos the Dow Jones index is up six points;los tipos de interés bajarán un punto interest rates will go down by one (percentage) pointpunto de break break point;punto de juego game point;punto de partido match point;punto porcentual percentage point;punto de set set point4. [asunto, parte] point;pasemos al siguiente punto let's move on to the next point;te lo explicaré punto por punto I'll explain it to you point by point;tenemos los siguientes puntos a tratar we have the following items on the agendapunto débil weak point;punto fuerte strong point5. [lugar] spot, place;éste es el punto exacto donde ocurrió todo this is the exact spot where it all happened;hay retenciones en varios puntos de la provincia there are delays at several different points across the provincepunto de apoyo [en palanca] fulcrum; Ling punto de articulación point of articulation;los puntos cardinales the points of the compass, Espec the cardinal points;punto ciego [en el ojo] blind spot;punto de encuentro meeting point;Dep punto fatídico penalty spot;punto G g-spot;punto de inflexión tipping point;punto de mira [en armas] sight;está en mi punto de mira [es mi objetivo] I have it in my sights;punto negro [en la piel] blackhead;[en carretera] accident Br blackspot o US hot spot;punto neurálgico [de ser vivo, organismo] nerve centre;la plaza mayor es el punto neurálgico de la ciudad the main square is the town's busiest crossroads;éste es el punto neurálgico de la negociación this is the central issue at stake in the negotiations;punto de partida starting point;punto de referencia point of reference;punto de reunión meeting point;Com punto de venta:en el punto de venta at the point of sale;tenemos puntos de venta en todo el país we have (sales) outlets across the country;punto de venta autorizado authorized dealer;punto de venta electrónico electronic point of sale;punto de vista point of view, viewpoint;bajo mi punto de vista… in my view…;desde el punto de vista del dinero… in terms of money…6. [momento] point, moment;lo dejamos en este punto del debate y seguimos tras la publicidad we'll have to leave the discussion here for the moment, we'll be back after the break;al punto at once, there and then;en punto exactly, on the dot;a las seis en punto at six o'clock on the dot, at six o'clock sharp;son las seis en punto it's (exactly) six o'clock;estar a punto to be ready;estuve a punto de cancelar el viaje I was on the point of cancelling the trip;estamos a punto de firmar un importante contrato we are on the verge o point of signing an important contract;estaba a punto de salir cuando… I was about to leave when…;estuvo a punto de morir ahogada she almost drowned;llegar a punto (para hacer algo) to arrive just in time (to do sth)punto crítico critical moment o point; [de reactor] critical point;alcanzar el punto crítico [reactor] to go critical7. [estado, fase] state, condition;estando las cosas en este punto things being as they are;llegar a un punto en que… to reach the stage where…;estar en su punto to be just right;poner a punto [motor] to tune;Fig [sistema, método] to fine-tune punto de congelación freezing point;punto culminante high point;punto de ebullición boiling point;punto de fusión melting point;punto muerto [en automóviles] neutral;Fig [en negociaciones] deadlock;estar en un punto muerto [negociaciones] to be deadlocked;ir en punto muerto [automóvil] to freewheel;punto de nieve: [m5] batir a punto de nieve to beat until stiff8. [grado] degree;de todo punto [completamente] absolutely;hasta cierto punto to some extent, up to a point;el ruido era infernal, hasta el punto de no oír nada o [m5] de que no se oía nada the noise was so bad that you couldn't hear a thing;hasta tal punto que to such an extent that9. [cláusula] clause10. [puntada] [en costura, en cirugía] stitch;[en unas medias] hole;tienes o [m5] se te ha escapado un punto en el jersey you've pulled a stitch out of your jumper, you've got a loose stitch on your jumper;le dieron diez puntos en la frente he had to have ten stitches to his forehead;coger puntos to pick up stitchespunto atrás backstitch;punto de cadeneta chain stitch;punto de cruz cross-stitch;punto del revés purl;Med punto de sutura suture11. [estilo de tejer] knitting;un jersey de punto a knitted sweater;prendas de punto knitwear;hacer punto to knitpunto de ganchillo crochet12. [pizca, toque] touch;son comentarios un punto racistas they are somewhat racist remarks15. Esp Fam [reacción, estado de ánimo]le dan unos puntos muy raros he can be really weird sometimes;le dio el punto generoso he had a fit of generosity17. CompRP Famagarrar a alguien de punto to tease sb, Br to take the mickey out of sb♦ punto com nf[empresa] dotcom* * *m1 point;punto por punto point by point;ganar por puntos win on points2 señal dot;en punto on the dot;a las tres en punto at three sharp, at three on the dotfull stop;dos puntos colon;punto y coma semicolon;con puntos y comas fig in full detail;poner punto final a algo fig end sth, put an end to sth;y punto period;poner los puntos sobre las íes fam make things crystal clear;empresa punto.com dot.com (company)hacer punto knit;de punto knitted5:estar a punto be ready;estar a punto de be about to;el arroz está en su punto the rice is ready;poner a punto TÉC tune;puesta a punto tune-up6 alcance:hasta cierto punto up to a point;hasta qué punto to what extent;me pregunto hasta qué punto lo que dice es verdad o una exageración I wonder how much of what he says is true and how much is exaggeration;hasta tal punto que to such an extent that7:batir las claras a punto de nieve beat the egg whites until they form stiff peaks* * *punto nm1) : dot, point2) : period (in punctuation)3) : item, question4) : spot, place5) : moment, stage, degree6) : point (in a score)7) : stitch8)en punto : on the dot, sharpa las dos en punto: at two o'clock sharp9)al punto : at oncea punto fijo : exactly, certainlydos puntos : colonhasta cierto punto : up to a pointpunto decimal : decimal pointpunto de vista : point of viewpunto y coma : semicolony punto : periodes el mejor que hay y punto: it's the best there is, periodpuntos cardinales : points of the compass* * *punto n1. (en general) point2. (señal) dot3. (lugar) spot / place¿en qué punto de la ciudad? where exactly in the city?4. (puntada) stitch5. (signo ortográfico) full stop -
9 base
adj.host.f.1 foundations (parte inferior) (de edificio).base de maquillaje foundation (cream)2 basis (fundamento, origen).el petróleo es la base de su economía their economy is based on oilese argumento se cae por su base that argument is built on sandpartimos de la base de que… we assume that…sentar las bases para to lay the foundations of3 base.base aérea air basebase espacial space stationbase de lanzamiento launch sitebase naval naval basebase de operaciones operational base4 base (chemistry).5 base (math & geometry).6 base.7 makeup.8 radix, base of a system of numbers or logarithms.pres.subj.1st person singular (yo) Present Subjunctive of Spanish verb: basar.* * *1 (gen) base2 figurado basis■ si partimos de la base de que... if we start from the premise that...3 QUÍMICA base, alkali4 MATEMÁTICAS base5 (en béisbol) base1 (de concurso) rules2 las bases (de partido etc) grass roots, rank and file\a base de bien familiar really wellen base a based on, on the basis ofbase aérea air basebase de datos databasebase de datos documental documentary databasebase de datos relacional relational databasebase de lanzamiento launch sitebase de operaciones operational headquartersbase imponible taxable incomebase naval naval base* * *noun f.1) base2) basis•* * *1. SF1) (=parte inferior) basela fecha de caducidad viene en la base del paquete — the use-by date is on the base o the bottom of the pack
2) (=fondo) [de pintura] background; [de maquillaje] foundation3) (=fundamento) basis•
carecer de base — [acusación] to lack foundation, be unfounded; [argumento] to lack justification, be unjustified•
de base — [error, dato] basic, fundamental; [activista, apoyo] grass-roots antes de s•
en base a [uso periodístico] —en base a que: no publicaron la carta en base a que era demasiado larga — they didn't publish the letter because it was too long
•
partir de una base, un juez tiene que partir de una base de neutralidad absoluta — a judge must start out from a position of absolute neutralitypartiendo de esta base, nos planteamos la necesidad... — on this assumption, we think it necessary...
partir de la base de que... — to take as one's starting point that...
•
sentar las bases de algo — to lay the foundations of sthChomsky sentó las bases de la gramática generativa — Chomsky laid the foundations of generative grammar
su visita sentó las bases para una futura cooperación — her visit paved the way for o laid the foundations of future cooperation
•
sobre la base de algo — on the basis of sthhay que negociar sobre la base de resoluciones previas — we must negotiate on the basis of previous resolutions
4) (=componente principal)•
a base de algo, una dieta a base de arroz — a rice-based diet, a diet based on riceun plato a base de verduras — a vegetable-based dish, a dish based on vegetables
•
a base de hacer algo — by doing sthasí, a base de no hacer nada, poco vas a conseguir — you won't achieve much by doing nothing
a base de insistir, la convenció para comprar la casa — by o through his insistence, he persuaded her to buy the house
a base de bien Esp * —
base imponible — (Econ) taxable income
5) (=conocimientos básicos) groundingeste manual le aportará una buena base de química — this handbook will give you a good grounding in chemistry
6) (Mil) base7) pl basesa) (=condiciones) [de concurso] conditions, rules; [de convocatoria] requirementsb) (Pol)8) (Inform)9) (Mat) [en una potencia] base10) (Quím) base11) (Téc) base, mounting12) (Agrimensura) base, base line13) (Ling) (tb: base derivativa) base form14) (Béisbol) base15) ** (=droga) base2.SMF (Baloncesto) guard3. ADJ INV2) (=básico) [idea] basic; [documento, texto] provisional, drafthan aprobado el texto base para el nuevo convenio — they have approved the provisional o draft text of the new agreement
•
alimento base — staple (food)salario, sueldo•
color base — base colour o (EEUU) color* * *I1)a) ( parte inferior) baseb) tb2)a) ( fundamento)b) ( componente principal)c) ( conocimientos básicos)3) (en locs)a base de: a base de descansar se fue recuperando by resting she gradually recovered; un régimen a base de verdura a vegetable-based diet; vive a base de pastillas he lives on pills; de base <planteamiento/error> fundamental, basic; < militante> rank-and-file (before n), ordinary (before n); < movimiento> grass-roots (before n); en base a (crit) on the basis of; a base de bien (Esp fam): comimos a base de bien — we ate really well
4) ( centro de operaciones) basebase aérea/naval/militar — air/naval/military base
5)las bases — (Pol) the rank and file (pl)
6) (Mat, Quím) base7) bases femenino plural ( de concurso) rules (pl)8)a) ( en béisbol) baseb) base masculino y femenino ( en baloncesto) guardIIadjetivo invariablea) (básico, elemental) basic; <documento/texto> draft (before n)b) < campamento> base (before n)* * *= base, base, base plate, basis [bases, -pl.], basis [bases, -pl.], bedrock, core, cornerstone [corner-stone], foundation, grounding, underpinning, cradle, warp and woof.Ex. The reader should now have a reasonably firm base from which to begin a more detailed reading of the specification of elements.Ex. The base of a notation is the set of symbols used in a specific notation.Ex. The two windows in the base plate of the scanner help move the read head accurately across the bar codes.Ex. These factors form the basis of the problems in identifying a satisfactory subject approach, and start to explain the vast array of different tolls used in the subject approach to knowledge.Ex. These factors form the basis of the problems in identifying a satisfactory subject approach, and start to explain the vast array of different tolls used in the subject approach to knowledge.Ex. We are the bedrock of our profession and the standards that we attain fundamentally affect the status of the profession.Ex. The main list of index terms is the core of the thesaurus and defines the index language.Ex. Abstracts are the cornerstone of secondary publications.Ex. In the same way that citation orders may have more or less theoretical foundations, equally reference generation may follow a predetermined pattern.Ex. The experience gained with these special schemes provided a grounding for work on the development of a new general scheme.Ex. The criteria must be subject to continuing review and annual updating if they are to remain valid as the underpinning for a professional activity.Ex. 'I have to leave fairly soon,' he said as he returned the receiver to its cradle, 'so let's get down to business'.Ex. Training in self-help is part of the warp and woof of any tenable theory of reference work.----* a base de = in the form of, on a diet of.* a base de carne = meaty [meatier -comp., meatiest -sup.].* a base de cometer errores = the hard way.* a base de errores = the hard way.* afianzar las bases = strengthen + foundations.* aplicar una capa base = prime.* aprender Algo a base de cometer errores = learn + Nombre + the hard way.* banda de base = baseband.* basado en un gestor de bases de datos = DBMS-based.* base cognitiva = knowledge base [knowledge-base].* base de datos = data bank [databank], database [data base], database software.* base de datos automatizada = computer database, computer-held database, computerised database, machine-readable database.* base de datos bibliográfica = bibliographic database.* base de datos bibliográfica de resúmenes = abstracts based bibliographic database.* base de datos catalográfica = catalogue database, cataloguing database.* base de datos comercial = commercial database.* base de datos completa = full-provision database.* base de datos con información confidencial = intelligence database.* base de datos cruzada = cross database.* base de datos de acceso mediante suscripción = subscription database.* base de datos de autoridades = authority database.* base de datos de carburantes = TULSA.* base de datos de documentos primarios = source database.* base de datos de documentos secundarios = reference database.* base de datos de dominio público = public domain database.* base de datos de educación = ERIC.* base de datos de imágenes = image database, image bank.* base de datos de investigación = research database.* base de datos del gobierno de USA = CRECORD, FEDREG.* base de datos de lógica difusa = fuzzy database.* base de datos de medicina = MEDLINE.* base de datos de negocios = business database.* base de datos de pago = subscription database.* base de datos de patentes = WPI.* base de datos de propiedades = properties database.* base de datos de referencia = reference database.* base de datos de referencia a especialistas = referral database.* base de datos de registros de catálogo = catalogue record database.* base de datos de texto = textual data base, text-oriented database, text database.* base de datos de texto completo = full text database.* base de datos de texto libre = free text database.* base de datos dirigida a un mercado específico = niche database.* base de datos distribuida = distributed database.* base de datos documental = textual data base.* base de datos en CD-ROM = CD-ROM database.* base de datos en disco óptico = optical disc database.* base de datos en estado original = raw database.* base de datos en línea = online database.* base de datos estadística = statistical database.* base de datos externa = external database.* base de datos factual = factual database.* base de datos financiera = financial database.* base de datos interna = in-house database.* base de datos jurídica = legal database.* base de datos local = local area database.* base de datos multimedia = multimedia database.* base de datos no bibliográfica = non-bibliographic database.* base de datos numérica = numeric database, numerical database.* base de datos numérico-textual = textual-numeric database, text-numeric database.* base de datos relacional = relational database.* base de datos residente = resident database.* base de datos terminológica = terminology database.* base de datos textual = textual data base.* base de operaciones = home base.* base de un número = subscript numeral.* base impositiva = tax base.* base lógica = rationale.* base militar = military base.* bases = background.* base teórica = theoretical underpinning, theoretical underpinning.* búsqueda en múltiples bases de datos = cross database searching.* campamento base = base camp.* comenzar desde la base = start at + ground zero.* como base para = as a basis for.* con base de arena = sand-based.* con base empírica = empirically-based.* con base en = based in.* conformar las bases = set + the framework.* conocimiento de base = foundation study.* constituir la base = form + the foundation.* constituir la base de = form + the basis of.* construir la base = form + the skeleton.* creador de bases de datos = database producer.* crear una base = form + a basis.* de base popular = grassroots [grass-roots].* descubrimiento de información en las bases de datos = knowledge discovery in databases (KDD).* directorio de empresas en base de datos = company directory database.* distribuidor de bases de datos = online system host, database host, host system, online service vendor.* distribuidor de bases de datos en línea = online vendor.* empezar desde la base = start at + ground zero.* en base a = in terms of, on the grounds that/of, on the basis of.* en la base = at the core (of).* en su base = at its core.* específico de una base de datos = database-specific.* formar la base = form + the foundation.* formar la base de = form + the basis of.* gestión de bases de datos = database management.* gestor de bases de datos = database management system (DBMS), DBMS system.* gestor de bases de datos relacionales = relational database management system.* hecho a base de parches = patchwork.* industria de las bases de datos = database industry.* línea base = baseline [base line].* meta base de datos = meta-database.* montar una base de datos = mount + database.* novela escrita a base de fórmulas o clichés = formula fiction.* organismo de base popular = grassroots organisation.* partir de la base de que = start from + the premise that, build on + the premise that.* poner las bases = lay + foundation, lay + the basis for.* portada de una base de datos = file banner.* presupuesto de base cero = zero-base(d) budgeting (ZZB), zero-base(d) budget.* productor de bases de datos = database producer.* programa de gestión de bases de datos = database management software.* proveedor de bases de datos = database provider.* que funciona a base de órdenes = command-driven.* remedio a base de hierbas = herbal remedy.* sentar base = make + things happen.* sentar las bases = lay + foundation, set + the scene, set + the wheels in motion, set + the tone, set + the framework, set + the pattern, provide + the basis, lay + the basis for, provide + the material for.* sentar las bases de Algo = lay + the groundwork for.* ser la base de = be at the core of, form + the basis of, be at the heart of.* sin base = unsupported, ill-founded.* sobre base de arena = sand-based.* sobre esta base = on this basis, on that basis.* sobre la base de = in relation to, on the usual basis.* subsistir a base de = live on.* tipo de interés base = base rate, prime rate.* tratamiento a base de hierbas = herbal treatment.* * *I1)a) ( parte inferior) baseb) tb2)a) ( fundamento)b) ( componente principal)c) ( conocimientos básicos)3) (en locs)a base de: a base de descansar se fue recuperando by resting she gradually recovered; un régimen a base de verdura a vegetable-based diet; vive a base de pastillas he lives on pills; de base <planteamiento/error> fundamental, basic; < militante> rank-and-file (before n), ordinary (before n); < movimiento> grass-roots (before n); en base a (crit) on the basis of; a base de bien (Esp fam): comimos a base de bien — we ate really well
4) ( centro de operaciones) basebase aérea/naval/militar — air/naval/military base
5)las bases — (Pol) the rank and file (pl)
6) (Mat, Quím) base7) bases femenino plural ( de concurso) rules (pl)8)a) ( en béisbol) baseb) base masculino y femenino ( en baloncesto) guardIIadjetivo invariablea) (básico, elemental) basic; <documento/texto> draft (before n)b) < campamento> base (before n)* * *= base, base, base plate, basis [bases, -pl.], basis [bases, -pl.], bedrock, core, cornerstone [corner-stone], foundation, grounding, underpinning, cradle, warp and woof.Ex: The reader should now have a reasonably firm base from which to begin a more detailed reading of the specification of elements.
Ex: The base of a notation is the set of symbols used in a specific notation.Ex: The two windows in the base plate of the scanner help move the read head accurately across the bar codes.Ex: These factors form the basis of the problems in identifying a satisfactory subject approach, and start to explain the vast array of different tolls used in the subject approach to knowledge.Ex: These factors form the basis of the problems in identifying a satisfactory subject approach, and start to explain the vast array of different tolls used in the subject approach to knowledge.Ex: We are the bedrock of our profession and the standards that we attain fundamentally affect the status of the profession.Ex: The main list of index terms is the core of the thesaurus and defines the index language.Ex: Abstracts are the cornerstone of secondary publications.Ex: In the same way that citation orders may have more or less theoretical foundations, equally reference generation may follow a predetermined pattern.Ex: The experience gained with these special schemes provided a grounding for work on the development of a new general scheme.Ex: The criteria must be subject to continuing review and annual updating if they are to remain valid as the underpinning for a professional activity.Ex: 'I have to leave fairly soon,' he said as he returned the receiver to its cradle, 'so let's get down to business'.Ex: Training in self-help is part of the warp and woof of any tenable theory of reference work.* a base de = in the form of, on a diet of.* a base de carne = meaty [meatier -comp., meatiest -sup.].* a base de cometer errores = the hard way.* a base de errores = the hard way.* afianzar las bases = strengthen + foundations.* aplicar una capa base = prime.* aprender Algo a base de cometer errores = learn + Nombre + the hard way.* banda de base = baseband.* basado en un gestor de bases de datos = DBMS-based.* base cognitiva = knowledge base [knowledge-base].* base de datos = data bank [databank], database [data base], database software.* base de datos automatizada = computer database, computer-held database, computerised database, machine-readable database.* base de datos bibliográfica = bibliographic database.* base de datos bibliográfica de resúmenes = abstracts based bibliographic database.* base de datos catalográfica = catalogue database, cataloguing database.* base de datos comercial = commercial database.* base de datos completa = full-provision database.* base de datos con información confidencial = intelligence database.* base de datos cruzada = cross database.* base de datos de acceso mediante suscripción = subscription database.* base de datos de autoridades = authority database.* base de datos de carburantes = TULSA.* base de datos de documentos primarios = source database.* base de datos de documentos secundarios = reference database.* base de datos de dominio público = public domain database.* base de datos de educación = ERIC.* base de datos de imágenes = image database, image bank.* base de datos de investigación = research database.* base de datos del gobierno de USA = CRECORD, FEDREG.* base de datos de lógica difusa = fuzzy database.* base de datos de medicina = MEDLINE.* base de datos de negocios = business database.* base de datos de pago = subscription database.* base de datos de patentes = WPI.* base de datos de propiedades = properties database.* base de datos de referencia = reference database.* base de datos de referencia a especialistas = referral database.* base de datos de registros de catálogo = catalogue record database.* base de datos de texto = textual data base, text-oriented database, text database.* base de datos de texto completo = full text database.* base de datos de texto libre = free text database.* base de datos dirigida a un mercado específico = niche database.* base de datos distribuida = distributed database.* base de datos documental = textual data base.* base de datos en CD-ROM = CD-ROM database.* base de datos en disco óptico = optical disc database.* base de datos en estado original = raw database.* base de datos en línea = online database.* base de datos estadística = statistical database.* base de datos externa = external database.* base de datos factual = factual database.* base de datos financiera = financial database.* base de datos interna = in-house database.* base de datos jurídica = legal database.* base de datos local = local area database.* base de datos multimedia = multimedia database.* base de datos no bibliográfica = non-bibliographic database.* base de datos numérica = numeric database, numerical database.* base de datos numérico-textual = textual-numeric database, text-numeric database.* base de datos relacional = relational database.* base de datos residente = resident database.* base de datos terminológica = terminology database.* base de datos textual = textual data base.* base de operaciones = home base.* base de un número = subscript numeral.* base impositiva = tax base.* base lógica = rationale.* base militar = military base.* bases = background.* base teórica = theoretical underpinning, theoretical underpinning.* búsqueda en múltiples bases de datos = cross database searching.* campamento base = base camp.* comenzar desde la base = start at + ground zero.* como base para = as a basis for.* con base de arena = sand-based.* con base empírica = empirically-based.* con base en = based in.* conformar las bases = set + the framework.* conocimiento de base = foundation study.* constituir la base = form + the foundation.* constituir la base de = form + the basis of.* construir la base = form + the skeleton.* creador de bases de datos = database producer.* crear una base = form + a basis.* de base popular = grassroots [grass-roots].* descubrimiento de información en las bases de datos = knowledge discovery in databases (KDD).* directorio de empresas en base de datos = company directory database.* distribuidor de bases de datos = online system host, database host, host system, online service vendor.* distribuidor de bases de datos en línea = online vendor.* empezar desde la base = start at + ground zero.* en base a = in terms of, on the grounds that/of, on the basis of.* en la base = at the core (of).* en su base = at its core.* específico de una base de datos = database-specific.* formar la base = form + the foundation.* formar la base de = form + the basis of.* gestión de bases de datos = database management.* gestor de bases de datos = database management system (DBMS), DBMS system.* gestor de bases de datos relacionales = relational database management system.* hecho a base de parches = patchwork.* industria de las bases de datos = database industry.* línea base = baseline [base line].* meta base de datos = meta-database.* montar una base de datos = mount + database.* novela escrita a base de fórmulas o clichés = formula fiction.* organismo de base popular = grassroots organisation.* partir de la base de que = start from + the premise that, build on + the premise that.* poner las bases = lay + foundation, lay + the basis for.* portada de una base de datos = file banner.* presupuesto de base cero = zero-base(d) budgeting (ZZB), zero-base(d) budget.* productor de bases de datos = database producer.* programa de gestión de bases de datos = database management software.* proveedor de bases de datos = database provider.* que funciona a base de órdenes = command-driven.* remedio a base de hierbas = herbal remedy.* sentar base = make + things happen.* sentar las bases = lay + foundation, set + the scene, set + the wheels in motion, set + the tone, set + the framework, set + the pattern, provide + the basis, lay + the basis for, provide + the material for.* sentar las bases de Algo = lay + the groundwork for.* ser la base de = be at the core of, form + the basis of, be at the heart of.* sin base = unsupported, ill-founded.* sobre base de arena = sand-based.* sobre esta base = on this basis, on that basis.* sobre la base de = in relation to, on the usual basis.* subsistir a base de = live on.* tipo de interés base = base rate, prime rate.* tratamiento a base de hierbas = herbal treatment.* * *base1A1 (parte inferior) basela base de una columna the base of a columnel contraste está en la base the hallmark is on the base o the bottom2 (fondo) backgroundsobre una base de tonos claros against o on a background of light tones3tb base de maquillaje foundation4 (permanente) soft permB1(fundamento): no tienes suficiente base para asegurar eso you don't have sufficient grounds to claim thatla base de una buena salud es una alimentación sana the basis of good health is a balanced dietesa afirmación carece de bases sólidas that statement is not founded o based on any firm evidencesentar las bases de un acuerdo to lay the foundations of an agreementun movimiento sin base popular a movement without a popular power basetomar algo como base to take sth as a starting pointpartiendo or si partimos de la base de que … if we start from the premise o assumption that …sobre la base de estos datos podemos concluir que … on the basis of this information we can conclude that …2(componente principal): la base de su alimentación es el arroz rice is their staple food, their diet is based on ricela base de este perfume es el jazmín this perfume has a jasmine base, this is a jasmine-based perfumelos diamantes forman la base de la economía the economy is based on diamonds3(conocimientos básicos): tiene una sólida base científica he has a sound basic knowledge of o he has a sound grounding in sciencellegó sin ninguna base he hadn't mastered the basics when he arrivedCompuestos:databaserelational databaseC ( en locs):a base de: a base de descansar se fue recuperando by resting she gradually recoveredlo consiguió a base de muchos sacrificios he had to make a lot of sacrifices to achieve itun régimen a base de verdura a vegetable-based diet, a diet mainly consisting of vegetablesuna bebida a base de ginebra a gin-based drinkvive a base de pastillas pills are what keep her goingde base ‹planteamiento/error› fundamental, basic;‹militante› rank-and-file ( before n), ordinary ( before n); ‹movimiento/democracia› grass roots ( before n)en base a las recientes encuestas on the evidence o basis of recent pollsuna propuesta de negociación en base a un programa de diez puntos a proposal for negotiations based on a ten-point planD (centro de operaciones) baseCompuestos:air baselaunch sitecenter* of operations, operational headquarters ( sing o pl)military basenaval baseE ( Pol) tbbases rank and file (pl)F ( Mat) baseG ( Quím) baseI1 (en béisbol) base2base2la idea base partió de … the basic idea stemmed from …* * *
Del verbo basar: ( conjugate basar)
basé es:
1ª persona singular (yo) pretérito indicativo
base es:
1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo
Multiple Entries:
basar
base
basar ( conjugate basar) verbo transitivo ‹teoría/idea› base algo en algo to base sth on sth
basarse verbo pronominala) [ persona] basese EN algo:◊ ¿en qué te basas para decir eso? and what basis o grounds do you have for saying that?;
se basó en esos datos he based his argument (o theory etc) on that informationb) [teoría/creencia/idea/opinión] basese EN algo to be based on sth
base sustantivo femenino
1
b) tb
2
tengo suficiente base para asegurar eso I have sufficient grounds to claim that;
sentar las bases de algo to lay the foundations of sth;
tomar algo como base to take sth as a starting pointb) ( conocimientos básicos):
llegó al curso sin ninguna base he didn't have the basics when he began the course;
base de datos database
3 ( en locs)◊ a base de: un régimen a base de verdura a vegetable-based diet;
vive a base de pastillas he lives on pills
4 ( centro de operaciones) base;◊ base aérea/naval/militar air/naval/military base
5
6
b)
basar verbo transitivo to base [en, on]
base
I sustantivo femenino
1 base
2 (fundamento de una teoría, de un argumento) basis, (motivo) grounds: tus quejas no tienen base alguna, your complaints are groundless
3 (conocimientos previos) grounding: tiene muy mala base en matemáticas, he's got a very poor grasp of maths
4 Mil base
base aérea/naval, air/naval base
5 Inform base de datos, data base
II fpl
1 Pol the grass roots: las bases no apoyan al candidato, the candidate didn't get any grass-roots support
2 (de un concurso) rules
♦ Locuciones: a base de: la fastidiaron a base de bien, they really messed her about
a base de estudiar consiguió aprobar, he passed by studying
a base de extracto de camomila, using camomile extract
' base' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
baja
- bajo
- basar
- columpiarse
- concentración
- esquema
- fundar
- fundamentar
- fundarse
- innoble
- mantenerse
- pie
- salario
- somier
- subsistir
- tejemaneje
- asiento
- banco
- bastardo
- cimentar
- fundamento
- inicial
- mantener
- rejilla
- sueldo
English:
air base
- base
- basis
- circuit board
- cornerstone
- data base
- decision making
- fatty
- foundation
- from
- grounding
- rank
- rationale
- roll out
- stand
- undercoat
- work
- air
- ball
- base pay
- bed
- cover
- data
- educated
- found
- French
- go
- ground
- hard
- home
- model
- pickle
- primary
- report
- rocky
- sordid
- squash
- staple
- starchy
- taxable
- under
* * *♦ nf1. [parte inferior] base;[de edificio] foundations;colocaron un ramo de flores en la base del monumento they placed a bunch of flowers at the foot of the monumentbase de maquillaje foundation (cream)2. [fundamento, origen] basis;el respeto al medio ambiente es la base de un desarrollo equilibrado respect for the environment is o forms the basis of balanced development;el petróleo es la base de su economía their economy is based on oil;salí de la universidad con una sólida base humanística I left university with a solid grounding in the humanities;ese argumento se cae por su base that argument is built on sand;esta teoría carece de base this theory is unfounded, this theory is not founded on solid arguments;partimos de la base de que… we assume that…;se parte de la base de que todos ya saben leer we're starting with the assumption that everyone can read;sentar las bases para… to lay the foundations of…;sobre la base de esta encuesta se concluye que… on the basis of this opinion poll, it can be concluded that… Fin base imponible taxable income3. [conocimientos básicos] grounding;habla mal francés porque tiene mala base she doesn't speak French well because she hasn't learnt the basics properly4. [militar, científica] basebase aérea air base;base espacial space station;base de lanzamiento launch site;base naval naval base;base de operaciones operational base;[aeropuerto civil ] base (of operations)5. Quím base6. Geom base7. Mat base8. Ling base (form)base de datos documental documentary database;base de datos relacional relational database11.bases [para prueba, concurso] rules12.las bases [de partido, sindicato] the grass roots, the rank and file;afiliado de las bases grassroots member13. [en béisbol] base;Méxdar base por bola a alguien to walk sb♦ nmf[en baloncesto] guard♦ a base de loc prepby (means of);me alimento a base de verduras I live on vegetables;el flan está hecho a base de huevos crème caramel is made with eggs;a base de no hacer nada by not doing anything;a base de trabajar duro fue ascendiendo puestos she moved up through the company by working hard;aprender a base de equivocarse to learn the hard way;se sacó la carrera a base de codos she got her degree by sheer hard workEsp Fama base de bien: nos humillaron a base de bien they really humiliated us;lloraba a base de bien he was crying his eyes out;los niños disfrutaron a base de bien the children had a great time♦ en base a loc prep[considerado incorrecto] on the basis of;en base a lo visto hasta ahora, no creo que puedan ganar from what I've seen so far, I don't think they can win;el plan se efectuará en base a lo convenido the plan will be carried out in accordance with the terms agreed upon* * *I f1 QUÍM, MAT, MIL, DEP base2:3:una dieta a base de frutas a diet based on fruit, a fruit-based diet;consiguió comprarse una casa a base de ahorrar he managed to buy a house by (dint of) saving;nos divertimos a base de bien we had a really o fam a real good time* * *base nf1) : base, bottom2) : base (in baseball)3) fundamento: basis, foundation4)base de datos : database5)a base de : based on, by means of6)en base a : based on, on the basis of* * *base n1. (en general) base -
10 sello
m.1 stamp.sello postal o de correos postage stamp2 rubber stamp.3 seal (lacre).4 signet ring (sortija).5 hallmark.ese libro lleva el sello de su autor this book is unmistakably the author's work6 reverse. (Andean Spanish (Bolivia, Chilean Spanish, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru), Venezuelan Spanish)cara o sello heads or tails7 cachet.pres.indicat.1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: sellar.* * *1 (de correos) stamp2 (de estampar, precinto) seal3 (distintivo) hallmark, mark4 MEDICINA capsule\sello de distinción hallmark of distinctionsello discográfico record label* * *noun m.1) seal2) stamp* * *SM1) (Correos) stamp2) (=estampación) [personal, de rey] seal; [administrativo] stamp, official stamp; LAm [en reverso de moneda] tailssello de caucho, sello de goma — rubber stamp
3) (Com) brand; (Mús) (tb: sello discográfico) record label; (Literat) publishing housesellos de prima — (Com) trading stamps
4) (Med) capsule, pill* * *1) ( de correos) (postage) stamp; ( útil de oficina) rubber stamp; ( marca) stamp2)a) ( en el oro) hallmarkb) (AmL) ( de una moneda) reverse¿cara o sello? — (Andes, Ven) heads or tails?
c) ( anillo) signet ring, seal ringd) ( elemento distintivo) hallmarke) (Mús) tb3) ( precinto) seal* * *= stamp, seal, seal impression, seal of approval.Ex. It describes the annual hobby exchanges week for 6th grade pupils at King's Cristian School library, when pupils swap collectable items eg baseball cards, stamps, coins and shells.Ex. Following the example of several European countries, West Germany has started work on compiling inventories of seals with the help of computer technology.Ex. This article provides a summary of the discoveries related to the storage of documents from the period of the Israelite and Judaean kings (circa 1000-587 B.C.), including ostraca (broken pieces of pottery with writing on them) and seals and seal impressions.Ex. These comics carry the CCA seal of approval on their covers, certifying that they do not contain nudity, sex or excessive violence.----* coleccionista de sellos = stamp collector.* con sello = stamped.* llevar el sello de = bear + the imprint of, bear + the stamp of, bear + the hallmarks of, have + the hallmarks of.* llevar el sello distintiva de = bear + the hallmarks of.* llevar el sello distintivo de = have + the hallmarks of.* llevar la marca de, llevar el sello de = bear + the mark(s) of.* máquina expendedora de sellos = stamp dispenser.* poner el sello = stamp.* poner el sello a = place + a stamp on.* poner el sello de = rubber stamp.* sello de calidad = stamp of quality.* sello de caucho = rubber date stamp, rubber stamp.* sello de conformidad = stamp of approval.* sello de correos = postage stamp.* sello de fecha = date stamp.* sello de la biblioteca = library stamp.* sello de propiedad = ownership stamp.* sello discográfico = record label.* sello distintivo = hallmark.* sello para libros = book stamp.* sello personal = fingerprint [finger-print], hallmark.* * *1) ( de correos) (postage) stamp; ( útil de oficina) rubber stamp; ( marca) stamp2)a) ( en el oro) hallmarkb) (AmL) ( de una moneda) reverse¿cara o sello? — (Andes, Ven) heads or tails?
c) ( anillo) signet ring, seal ringd) ( elemento distintivo) hallmarke) (Mús) tb3) ( precinto) seal* * *= stamp, seal, seal impression, seal of approval.Ex: It describes the annual hobby exchanges week for 6th grade pupils at King's Cristian School library, when pupils swap collectable items eg baseball cards, stamps, coins and shells.
Ex: Following the example of several European countries, West Germany has started work on compiling inventories of seals with the help of computer technology.Ex: This article provides a summary of the discoveries related to the storage of documents from the period of the Israelite and Judaean kings (circa 1000-587 B.C.), including ostraca (broken pieces of pottery with writing on them) and seals and seal impressions.Ex: These comics carry the CCA seal of approval on their covers, certifying that they do not contain nudity, sex or excessive violence.* coleccionista de sellos = stamp collector.* con sello = stamped.* llevar el sello de = bear + the imprint of, bear + the stamp of, bear + the hallmarks of, have + the hallmarks of.* llevar el sello distintiva de = bear + the hallmarks of.* llevar el sello distintivo de = have + the hallmarks of.* llevar la marca de, llevar el sello de = bear + the mark(s) of.* máquina expendedora de sellos = stamp dispenser.* poner el sello = stamp.* poner el sello a = place + a stamp on.* poner el sello de = rubber stamp.* sello de calidad = stamp of quality.* sello de caucho = rubber date stamp, rubber stamp.* sello de conformidad = stamp of approval.* sello de correos = postage stamp.* sello de fecha = date stamp.* sello de la biblioteca = library stamp.* sello de propiedad = ownership stamp.* sello discográfico = record label.* sello distintivo = hallmark.* sello para libros = book stamp.* sello personal = fingerprint [finger-print], hallmark.* * *A1 (de correos) stamp, postage stampsello conmemorativo commemorative stamp2 (útil de oficina) rubber stamp; (marca) stampCompuestos:time-stampfiscal o revenue stampB1 (en el oro) hallmark2 ( AmL) (de una moneda) reverse¿cara o sello? (Andes, Ven); heads or tails?3 (anillo) signet ring, seal ring4 (elemento distintivo) hallmark5 ( Mús) tbsello discográfico record labelC (precinto) sealCompuesto:wax sealD ( Farm) capsule* * *
Del verbo sellar: ( conjugate sellar)
sello es:
1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo
selló es:
3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo
Multiple Entries:
sellar
sello
sellar ( conjugate sellar) verbo transitivo
1
2 ( cerrar) to seal
sello sustantivo masculino
1 ( de correos) (postage) stamp;
( útil de oficina) rubber stamp;
( marca) stamp
2
◊ ¿cara o sello? (Andes, Ven) heads or tails?
e) (Mús) tb
3 ( precinto) seal
sellar verbo transitivo
1 (estampar un sello entintado) to stamp
2 (poner un sello a una carta) to stamp
3 (cerrar un acuerdo) to seal: aún siguen las negociaciones, aunque esperan sellar el pacto próximamente, negotiations are still going on, although they hope to come to an agreement fairly soon
4 (un recipiente, una entrada) to seal: es un antiguo acceso que en la actualidad está sellado, it's an ancient means of access which is sealed up at the moment
sello sustantivo masculino
1 (de correos) stamp
(para documentos) seal, stamp
2 (precinto) seal
3 (impronta) mark, stamp
' sello' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
matar
- póliza
- sellar
- cara
- circular
- cuño
- despegar
- estampilla
- estampillar
- repetido
- timbre
English:
affix
- hallmark
- imprint
- postage stamp
- rubber stamp
- seal
- stamp
- flip
- hall
- heads
- postage
- rubber
- tails
- toss
- trade
* * *sello nm1. [timbre] stampsello de correos postage stamp;sello postal postage stamp2. [tampón] rubber stamp;[marca] stamp sello de caucho rubber stamp3. [lacre] seal4. [sortija] signet ring5. [carácter] hallmark;ese libro lleva el sello de su autor this book is unmistakably the work of its authorsello editorial imprint;sello independiente independent record label7. Andes, Ven [de una moneda] reverse* * *m1 stamp;sello de calidad stamp of quality2 fighallmark* * *sello nm1) : seal2) estampilla, timbre: postage stamp3) : hallmark, characteristic* * *sello n stamp -
11 Abschluss
Abschluss m 1. BANK making up; 2. BÖRSE bargain (einzelner Abschluss an der Londoner Börse LSE); 3. FIN bargain; 4. GEN bargain; completion, deal, conclusion, transaction (Vertrag); 5. RW transaction; accounts, financial accounts, financial statement, statement; 6. RECHT conclusion (Vertrag); 7. BIL qualification; 8. V&M sale • einen Abschluss erreichen GEN reach a deal • einen Abschluss tätigen GEN reach a deal • im Abschluss ausweisen carry in the accounts, carry in the financial accounts (in der Bilanz zeigen) • im Abschluss getrennt ausweisen show separately in the accounts, show separately in the financial accounts • zum Abschluss bringen PAT carry out* * *m 1. < Bank> making up; 2. < Börse> einzelner Abschluss an Londoner Börse bargain; 3. < Finanz> bargain; 4. < Geschäft> bargain, Vertrag completion, deal, conclusion, transaction; 5. < Rechnung> transaction; financial statement, statement; 6. < Recht> Vertrag conclusion; 7. < Sozial> qualification; 8. < Verwalt> Vertrag conclusion; 9. <V&M> sale ■ einen Abschluss erreichen < Geschäft> reach a deal ■ einen Abschluss tätigen < Geschäft> reach a deal ■ zum Abschluss bringen < Patent> carry out* * *Abschluss
(Angelegenheit) conclusion, (Bank) bank return, (Bilanz) balance [sheet], (an der Börse) bargain, transaction, commitment, (Brief) ending, close, (Debatte) closure, (Effektenemission) underwriting, (Fertigstellung) completion, (Geschäft) deal[ing], business, transaction, bargain, (Liquidation) settlement (Br.), winding up, (Rechnungslegung) adjustment, settlement, (Rechnungssumme) balance, (Verkauf) sale, (Werbebranche) contract;
• bei Abschluss unserer Bücher on (when) balancing (closing) our books;
• beim Abschluss des Berichts at the time the report went to press;
• beim Abschluss der Rechnungsperiode at the close of the financial period;
• betriebswirtschaftlicher Abschluss diploma in business administration;
• endgültiger Abschluss final arrangement;
• fester Abschluss firm bargain (deal);
• gemeinschaftlicher Abschluss joint bargain;
• jährlicher Abschluss annual balance;
• nicht konsolidierter Abschluss deconsolidated accounts;
• luftdichter Abschluss hermetic seal;
• provisorischer Abschluss provisional booking;
• zufrieden stellender Abschluss perfect rounding off;
• Abschluss einer Angelegenheit winding up of an affair;
• Abschluss seiner Ausbildung completion of one’s education;
• Abschluss der Bücher closing (making up) of the books, balancing of accounts;
• Abschluss von Deckungsgeschäften hedging;
• Abschluss der Effektentransferbücher einer Gesellschaft books close;
• Abschluss für weniger als ein Jahr (Werbung) short term;
• Abschluss einer Kaufaktion closing;
• Abschluss eines Kontos closing an account, rest (Br.);
• Abschluss einer Lebensarbeit consummation of a life’s work;
• Abschluss einer Lebensversicherung taking out a life insurance policy;
• Abschluss auf künftige Lieferung time bargain, forward deal;
• Abschluss der Rechnungsbücher fiscal closing;
• Abschluss auf kurze Sicht short deal;
• Abschluss auf lange Sicht long-term transaction;
• rascher Abschluss der Verhandlungen speedy conclusion of the negotiations;
• Abschluss einer Verkaufsaktion closing;
• Abschluss zu einem festen Verkaufspreis outright sale;
• Abschluss eines Versicherungsvertrages effecting an insurance, taking out (conclusion of) an insurance contract;
• Abschluss eines Vertrages signing (conclusion) of an agreement (a contract);
• akademischen Abschluss anstreben to study for a degree;
• Abschluss aufstellen to strike a balance;
• zum Abschluss bringen to bring to a close (conclusion), to terminate;
• Geschäft zum Abschluss bringen to make a bargain (deal);
• Vertrag zu einem Abschluss bringen to complete a contract;
• zum Abschluss gelangen to reach an understanding, to come to an agreement;
• zu einem raschen Abschluss kommen to talk a fast trade;
• besten Abschluss machen to pass out highest;
• Abschluss perfekt machen to seal a fast trade;
• mit einem guten Abschluss rechnen to calculate on a good trade;
• ohne Abschluss sein (Börse) to be a blank;
• vor dem Abschluss stehen to be drawing to a close;
• Abschluss tätigen (Börse) to close (do, negotiate) a deal, to make a commitment;
• Abschluss vermitteln to secure a business;
• Abschluss veröffentlichen to publish (disclose) a balance sheet;
• Abschlussabrechnung (Bank) closing statement, (Börse) contract note (Br.);
• Abschlussabteilung (Immobilienbüro) closing department;
• Abschlussagent factor, commission (closing, underwriting, Br.) agent, (Versicherungsgeschäft) credit agent;
• Abschlussanmeldung (Umsatzsteuer) final declaration;
• mit Abschlussarbeiten beschäftigt sein to be balancing the books for the year. -
12 bilan
bilan [bilɑ̃]masculine nouna. [de comptes] balance sheet• quel a été le bilan de ces négociations ? what was the end result of the negotiations?c. ( = nombre de morts) death toll• bilan provisoire: 300 blessés so far, 300 people are known to have been injured* * *bilɑ̃nom masculin1) ( financier) balance sheet2) ( aboutissement) outcome3) (de catastrophe, d'accident) toll‘accident de voiture, bilan: deux morts’ — ‘two killed in a car accident’
4) ( évaluation) assessmentfaire or dresser le bilan de quelque chose — to assess something
5) ( compte rendu) report* * *bilɑ̃ nm2) [victimes] toll3) fig outcomefaire le bilan de [opération] — to assess, [situation] to assess, to take stock of, [vie, mariage] to take stock of
Il faut faire le bilan de la situation. — We need to assess the situation., We need to take stock of the situation.
* * *bilan nm1 Compta balance sheet; bilan provisoire interim balance sheet; dresser or établir un bilan to draw up a balance sheet; bilan de fin d'exercice/de vérification closing/trial balance; déposer son bilan to file a petition in bankruptcy; demander un dépôt de bilan to file for bankruptcy; hors bilan [passif] off balance sheet;2 ( aboutissement) outcome;3 (de catastrophe, d'accident) toll; le bilan des feux de forêt the toll of forest fires; bilan officiel official toll; ‘accident de voiture, bilan: deux morts’ ‘two killed in a car accident’;4 ( évaluation) assessment; faire or dresser le bilan de qch to assess sth; quel bilan tirez-vous de…? what is your assessment of…?; quel est le bilan de l'année? how did the year turn out?;5 ( compte rendu) report; le bilan d'activité du comité pour 1990 the committee's annual report for 1990; présenter un bilan des ventes to report on sales.bilan de liquidation statement of affairs (in a bankruptcy petition); bilan médical = bilan de santé; bilan professionnel performance appraisal; bilan de santé check-up; se faire faire un bilan de santé to have a check-up; bilan social Entr social balance sheet; gén ( d'une politique) social consequences.[bilɑ̃] nom masculindresser ou faire le bilan to draw up the balance sheetquand on fait le bilan de sa vie when one takes stock of ou when one assesses one's (lifetime) achievementsquel est le bilan de ces discussions? what is the end result of these talks?, what have these talks amounted to?3. MÉDECINE -
13 sede
f headquartersla Santa Sede the Holy See* * *sede s.f.1 seat; ( ufficio) office, building; ( locali) premises (pl.): sede del governo, ( edificio) seat of government; Roma è la sede del governo, Rome is the seat of the government; sede centrale, (di imprese ecc.) head office (o main office o headquarters); sede di uffici, magazzini, business premises; città sede di università, university town; la ditta ha la sede in centro, the firm has its offices in the centre; chiedere il trasferimento a un'altra sede, to ask for a transfer to another office // una sede di antiche tradizioni, a seat of old tradition // questo disturbo ha sede nello stomaco, this trouble has its seat in the stomach2 ( luogo di residenza) residence: aver sede a Roma, to have residence in Rome; cambiare sede, to change one's residence; prendere sede in una città, to take up residence in a city // sede legale di una società, registered office of a company // sede vescovile, see (o diocesan centre) // la Santa Sede, the Holy See3 ( filiale di un'impresa) branch, branch office: sede staccata, branch office; la sede milanese dell'azienda, the Milan branch office of the firm4 ( luogo in cui si svolge temporaneamente un'attività) centre; venue: la scuola sarà sede d'esame, the school will be an examination centre; sede elettorale, polling station; la sede dell'annuale convegno medico, the venue of the annual medical congress // non mi sembra questa la sede adatta per le nostre discussioni, this doesn't seem to me to be a suitable place for our discussion // in sede di, during: in sede di esami, during the examinations; in sede di trattative, during the negotiations; in sede di bilancio, when striking a balance // (dir.) in separata sede, in a special session, ( in privato) in private5 (mecc.) seat, seating; ( alloggiamento) housing: sede conica, conical seat; sede di cuscinetto, bearing housing; sede di rotolamento, ( di cuscinetto a sfere) race; sede di valvola riportata, valve insert; sede piana, flat seat.* * *['sɛde]sostantivo femminile1) (di azienda, organizzazione, ente) base; (di tribunale, congresso) venue; (del governo) seat, centre BE, center AE; (vescovile) seeavere sede — to be based, to have one's headquarters (a in, at)
il negozio ha cambiato sede — the shop has changed its address o has moved
l'anima è la sede dei sentimenti — fig. the soul is the seat of the sentiments
2) comm. (filiale) branch, officechiedere il trasferimento ad altra sede — to ask to be moved o transferred to another office
questa non è la sede più adatta per... — this is not the best place for
4) tecn. housing, seating5) med. seat6) dir.7) in sede diin sede di esame — univ. during the examination
8) in separata sede dir. = in a special session; fig. in private•sede centrale — head office, main office, headquarters
* * *sede/'sεde/sostantivo f.1 (di azienda, organizzazione, ente) base; (di tribunale, congresso) venue; (del governo) seat, centre BE, center AE; (vescovile) see; avere sede to be based, to have one's headquarters (a in, at); con sede a Londra London-based; il capo è fuori sede the boss is away on business; il negozio ha cambiato sede the shop has changed its address o has moved; Santa Sede Holy See; l'anima è la sede dei sentimenti fig. the soul is the seat of the sentiments2 comm. (filiale) branch, office; la sede di Boston the Boston office; chiedere il trasferimento ad altra sede to ask to be moved o transferred to another office3 fig. (posto) place; (momento) time; questa non è la sede più adatta per... this is not the best place for...4 tecn. housing, seating5 med. seat6 dir. sede legale registered office; in sede penale in a criminal trial; in sede civile in a civil actionsede centrale head office, main office, headquarters; sede ferroviaria permanent way; sede stradale roadway.
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